Dr. Paul Gorenstein Profile

Dr. Paul Gorenstein

Senior Astrophysicist at Harvard Smithsonian Ctr for Astrophysics

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (59)

Proceedings Article | 20 November 2017 Open Access

Design and development of the multilayer optics for the new hard x-ray mission

G. Pareschi, S. Basso, O. Citterio, D. Spiga, G. Tagliaferri, M. Civitani, L. Raimondi, G. Sironi, V. Cotroneo, B. Negri, Giancarlo Parodi, F. Martelli, G. Borghi, A. Orlandi, D. Vernani, G. Valsecchi, R. Binda, S. Romaine, P. Gorenstein, P. Attinà

Proceedings Volume 10565, 105652O (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2309163

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Astronomical imaging, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Coating, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 21 June 2017 Presentation

The future of high angular resolution x-ray optics for astronomy (Conference Presentation)

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 10235, 1023507 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2271816

KEYWORDS: Spatial resolution, X-ray optics, X-ray astronomy, Space operations, Astronomy, Observatories, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Space telescopes, Grazing incidence

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

X-ray monitoring for astrophysical applications

L. Pina, D. Burrows, W. Cash, D. Cerna, P. Gorenstein, R. Hudec, A. Inneman, J. Jakubek, V. Marsikova, L. Sieger, V. Tichy

Proceedings Volume 9207, 92070T (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2064726

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, X-ray optics, Eye, X-ray detectors, Space telescopes, Glasses, X-ray telescopes, X-ray imaging, Geometrical optics

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2013 Paper

Development of light weight replicated x-ray optics

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, B. Choi, P. Gorenstein, C. Jensen, B. Ramsey, R. Rosati, S. Sampath

Proceedings Volume 8861, 88610U (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024897

KEYWORDS: Nickel, Ceramics, Mirrors, Multilayers, Thin film coatings, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Optical coatings, Space telescopes, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

On Kirkpatrick-Baez telescopes with adjustable x-ray optics

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 8861, 88611P (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024905

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Space telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Spatial resolution, Mirrors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, X-ray optics, Reflectors, Glasses

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SPIE Journal Paper | 3 February 2012

Grazing incidence telescopes for x-ray astronomy

Paul Gorenstein

OE, Vol. 51, Issue 1, 011010, (February 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.51.1.011010

KEYWORDS: Space telescopes, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Telescopes, Grazing incidence, X-ray imaging, Spatial resolution, Mirrors, X-ray astronomy, Astronomical telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Large-angle observatory with energy resolution for synoptic x-ray studies (LOBSTER-SXS)

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471O (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.890247

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Sensors, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, X-ray detectors, Space operations, Spatial resolution, Reflectors

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Improved release coatings for electroformed x-ray optics

S. Romaine, J. Boike, R. Bruni, D. Engelhaupt, P. Gorenstein, B. Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81470W (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896000

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Optical coatings, Nickel, Data modeling, Tin, X-ray astronomy, Space telescopes, Astronomical telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 2010 Paper

High-resolution x-ray telescopes

Stephen O'Dell, Roger Brissenden, William Davis, Ronald Elsner, Martin Elvis, Mark Freeman, Terrance Gaetz, Paul Gorenstein, Mikhail Gubarev, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Stephen Murray, Robert Petre, William Podgorski, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Timo Saha, Daniel Schwartz, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Martin Weisskopf, Rudeger H. Wilke, Scott Wolk, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030H (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862315

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Mirrors, Observatories, Spatial resolution, X-ray imaging, X-ray astronomy, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2010 Paper

On-orbit adjustment concepts for the Generation-X Observatory

Daniel Schwartz, Roger Brissenden, Mark Freeman, Terrance Gaetz, Paul Gorenstein, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Paul Reid, Scott Wolk, Timo Saha, William Zhang, Stephen O'Dell, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Derek Wilke

Proceedings Volume 7803, 78030J (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862353

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Diffraction, Observatories, Sensors, Point spread functions, Spatial resolution, X-ray optics, Distortion, Visible radiation

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Platinum as a release layer for thermally formed optics for IXO

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, P. Gorenstein, S. Park, P. Reid, B. Ramsey, T. Kester

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77323T (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858109

KEYWORDS: Platinum, Surface roughness, Coating, X-rays, Glasses, Reflectivity, Polishing, Thermography, Silica, Sputter deposition

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

The optics system of the New Hard X-ray Mission: design and development

Stefano Basso, Giovanni Pareschi, Oberto Citterio, Daniele Spiga, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Marta Civitani, Lorenzo Raimondi, Giorgia Sironi, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Barbara Negri, Giancarlo Parodi, Francesco Martelli, Giuseppe Borghi, Alessandro Orlandi, Dervis Vernani, Giuseppe Valsecchi, Riccardo Binda, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Gorenstein, Primo Attinà

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773218 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856648

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Gold, Multilayers, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, Polishing, Atomic force microscopy, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Hard x-ray reflectivity measurement of broad-band multilayer samples

V. Cotroneo, R. Bruni, P. Gorenstein, G. Pareschi, S. Romaine, D. Spiga, Z. Zhong

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74371Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.827871

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Data modeling, Computer simulations, Multilayers, Platinum, Silicon, Hard x-rays, Statistical modeling, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Mandrel replication for hard x-ray optics using titanium nitride

S. Romaine, J. Boike, R. Bruni, D. Engelhaupt, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, B. Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74370Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829583

KEYWORDS: Tin, Multilayers, Gold, Nickel, X-ray optics, Data modeling, Prototyping, Surface finishing, Hard x-rays, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

The milli-arc-second structure imager (MASSIM): a new concept for a high angular resolution x-ray telescope

G. Skinner, Z. Arzoumanian, W. Cash, N. Gehrels, K. Gendreau, P. Gorenstein, J. Krizmanic, M. Miller, J. Phillips, R. Reasenberg, C. Reynolds, R. Sambruna, R. Streitmatter, D. Windt

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70110T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789568

KEYWORDS: Spatial resolution, Space operations, X-rays, Sensors, X-ray optics, Stars, X-ray astronomy, Imaging systems, Fresnel lenses, X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Design and development of the SIMBOL-X hard x-ray optics

G. Pareschi, P. Attinà, S. Basso, G. Borghi, W. Burkert, R. Buzzi, O. Citterio, M. Civitani, P. Conconi, V. Cotroneo, G. Cusumano, E. Dell'Orto, M. Freyberg, G. Hartner, P. Gorenstein, E. Mattaini, F. Mazzoleni, G. Parodi, S. Romaine, D. Spiga, G. Tagliaferri, R. Valtolina, G. Valsecchi, D. Vernani

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70110N (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790336

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, Multilayers, X-rays, Nickel, Spatial resolution, Sensors, Hard x-rays, Optical coatings, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 14 July 2008 Paper

The future of high angular resolution x-ray astronomy

Paul Gorenstein, Webster Cash, Neil Gehrels, Keith Gendreau, John Krizmanic, M. Coleman Miller, Christopher Reynolds, Rita Sambruna, Gerald Skinner, Robert Streitmatter, David Windt

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70110U (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789978

KEYWORDS: Space telescopes, Telescopes, X-rays, Spatial resolution, Chromatic aberrations, X-ray telescopes, Zone plates, Diffraction, Sensors, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2007 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope

S. Romaine, S. Basso, R. Bruni, W. Burkert, O. Citterio, V. Cotroneo, D. Engelhaupt, M. Freyberg, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, G. Hartner, F. Mazzoleni, S. O'Dell, G. Pareschi, B. Ramsey, C. Speegle, D. Spiga

Proceedings Volume 6688, 668804 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736063

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Nickel, X-ray optics, Atomic force microscopy, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Titanium, Gold, Prototyping, Polishing

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

A wide-field hybrid x-ray telescope for a lunar-based gamma-ray burst observatory

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 6688, 668807 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.728645

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Observatories, X-rays, Telescopes, Gamma radiation, Sensors, Photons, Coded apertures, Galactic astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

A hard x-ray telescope science enhancement package for the Constellation X-Ray mission

Brian Ramsey, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880D (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736835

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Iron, Mirrors, X-rays, Telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Hard x-rays, Space telescopes, Multilayers, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 2006 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope: IV

S. Romaine, S. Basso, R. Bruni, W. Burkert, O. Citterio, G. Conti, D. Engelhaupt, M. Freyberg, M. Ghigo, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, G. Hartner, F. Mazzoleni, S. O'Dell, G. Pareschi, B. Ramsey, C. Speegle, D. Spiga

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62661C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672052

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Multilayers, Prototyping, X-rays, Hard x-rays, Space telescopes, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Telescopes, Optical fabrication

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2005 Paper

Refractive/diffractive telescope with very high angular resolution for x-ray astronomy

P. Gorenstein, J. Phillips, R. Reasenberg

Proceedings Volume 5900, 590018 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620144

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Zone plates, Space telescopes, Telescopes, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Chromatic aberrations, Grazing incidence

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope: III

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000S (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620438

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Prototyping, X-ray optics, Coating, Data modeling, Multilayers, X-ray telescopes, Nickel, Photons, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Constellation-X to Generation-X: evolution of large collecting area moderate resolution grazing incidence x-ray telescopes to larger area high-resolution adjustable optics

Paul Reid, Robert Cameron, Lester Cohen, Martin Elvis, Paul Gorenstein, Diab Jerius, Robert Petre, William Podgorski, Daniel Schwartz, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552861

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Mirrors, Telescopes, Optical instrument design, Diffraction, Grazing incidence, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Spatial frequencies, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

Generation-X: mission and technology studies for an x-ray observatory vision mission

Robert Cameron, Marshall Bautz, Roger Brissenden, Martin Elvis, Giuseppina Fabbiano, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Paul Gorenstein, Robert Petre, Paul Reid, Daniel Schwartz, Nicholas White, William Zhang

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552641

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, Optics manufacturing, X-ray telescopes, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Actuators, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

MAXIM: the black hole imager

Keith Gendreau, Webster Cash, Paul Gorenstein, David Windt, Phil Kaaret, Chris Reynolds

Proceedings Volume 5488, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551250

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Interferometers, X-ray optics, Sensors, Imaging systems, Spatial resolution, Zone plates, Interferometry, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope

Suzanne Romaine, Stefano Basso, Ricardo Bruni, Oberto Citterio, Darell Engelhaupt, Mauro Ghigo, Paul Gorenstein, Mikhail Gubarev, Francesco Mazzoleni, Stephen O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Giancarlo Parodi, Brian Ramsey, Chet Speegle

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508096

KEYWORDS: Coating, Prototyping, Optical fabrication, Multilayers, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Nickel, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes, Iridium

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

Role of diffractive and refractive optics in x-ray astronomy

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.506443

KEYWORDS: Zone plates, X-rays, Sensors, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Chromatic aberrations, Space operations, Grazing incidence, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Concepts: x-ray telescopes with high-angular resolution and high throughput

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461605

KEYWORDS: Zone plates, X-rays, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, X-ray optics, Sensors, Grazing incidence, X-ray telescopes, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Replication by Ni electroforming approach to produce the Con-X/HXT hard x-ray mirrors

Giovanni Pareschi, Oberto Citterio, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine, Giancarlo Parodi

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461343

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Nickel, Multilayers, X-rays, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Reflectivity, Space operations, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 30 January 2002 Paper

Successor to the RXTE PCA based upon focusing optics

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 4496, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.454362

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Sensors, Space telescopes, Principal component analysis, X-rays, Solid state electronics, Reflectors, Silicon, Glasses, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 30 January 2002 Paper

High-energy characterization of multilayers for hard x-ray astronomy

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Stephen Cenko, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4496, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.454366

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Hard x-rays, X-ray astronomy, Astronomy, Lithium, Reflectivity, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Astronomical telescopes, Spectrometers

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Proceedings Article | 14 November 2001 Paper

Influence of deposition parameters on the reflectivity of multilayer hard x-ray mirrors

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4501, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448487

KEYWORDS: Argon, Reflectivity, Silicon, Interfaces, Chemical species, Sputter deposition, Multilayers, Coating, Platinum, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 5 January 2001 Paper

Hard x-ray multilayers: a study of different material systems

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Kyung Wha Byun, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4145, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.411622

KEYWORDS: Interfaces, Multilayers, Silicon, Reflectivity, Hard x-rays, Sputter deposition, Nickel, Platinum, Argon, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

Integral shell mirrors for the Constellation X-ray mission hard x-ray telescope

Paul Gorenstein, Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Suzanne Romaine, Francesco Mazzoleni, Giovanni Pareschi, Mauro Ghigo, Oberto Citterio

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407562

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, Hard x-rays, X-rays, Nickel, Spatial resolution, Telescopes, Gold, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

Multilayer optics for hard x-ray astronomy

Suzanne Romaine, Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Finn Christensen, Fiona Harrison, William Craig, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407551

KEYWORDS: Coating, Glasses, Multilayers, Silicon, Data modeling, X-ray optics, Reflectivity, Semiconducting wafers, Hard x-rays, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 16 November 1999 Paper

Design and optimization of multilayer coatings for hard x-ray mirrors

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Kyung Wha Byun, Finn Christensen, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 3773, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.370082

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Reflectivity, Argon, Silicon, Interfaces, X-rays, Nickel, Hard x-rays, Platinum, Optical coatings

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 1999 Paper

Technology development for the Constellation-X hard-x-ray telescope

Fiona Harrison, Walter Cook, Finn Christensen, Oberto Citterio, William Craig, Neil Gehrels, Paul Gorenstein, Jonathan Grindlay, Charles Hailey, Richard Kroeger, Hideyo Kunieda, Giovanni Pareschi, Ann Parsons, Robert Petre, Suzanne Romaine, Brian Ramsey, Jack Tueller, Melville Ulmer, Martin Weisskopf, David Windt

Proceedings Volume 3765, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366492

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Hard x-rays, Reflectivity, Glasses, Nickel, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Multilayers, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 1999 Paper

Lobster eye x-ray optics

Adolf Inneman, Rene Hudec, Ladislav Pina, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3766, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363660

KEYWORDS: X-rays, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics, Prototyping, Eye, Telescopes, X-ray technology, Gamma radiation, X-ray astronomy, Astrophysics

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Characterization of graded d-spacing multilayers for hard x-ray telescopes

Adrian Ivan, Suzanne Romaine, Ricardo Bruni, John Everett, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331276

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Reflectivity, X-rays, Coating, X-ray telescopes, Transmission electron microscopy, Sputter deposition, Hard x-rays, Silicon, Camera shutters

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Progress in replication of substrates for multilayer coatings

Suzanne Romaine, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Adrian Ivan, Paul Gorenstein, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Oberto Citterio, Joseph Pedulla

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331277

KEYWORDS: Gold, Carbon, Multilayers, Reflectivity, Data modeling, Atomic force microscopy, X-rays, Interfaces, Epoxies, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Characterization and multilayer coating of cylindrical x-ray optics for x-ray astronomy

Suzanne Romaine, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Adrian Ivan, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331275

KEYWORDS: Coating, Multilayers, X-ray optics, X-ray astronomy, Data modeling, X-rays, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Reflectivity, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Deployable ultrahigh-throughput x-ray telescope: concept

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331253

KEYWORDS: Space telescopes, Telescopes, Sensors, Reflectors, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Observatories, Space operations, Satellites, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Application of multilayer coatings to replicated substrates

Suzanne Romaine, Ahsen Hussain, John Everett, Anna Clark, Ricardo Bruni, Paul Gorenstein, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Oberto Citterio, Joseph Pedulla

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278854

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Multilayers, Gold, Silica, Reflectivity, Epoxies, X-rays, Data modeling, Optical coatings, Statistical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Density vs Ar-pressures for optimization of DC-magnetron sputter deposition of Ni/C multilayers for hard x-ray telescopes

Ahsen Hussain, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Gorenstein, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Anna Clark, Michael Ruane, Y. Fedyunin

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278855

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Sputter deposition, X-ray telescopes, Information operations, Hard x-rays, Atomic force microscopy, Space telescopes, X-ray characterization, Nickel, Transmission electron microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 1996 Paper

Instrumentation of the hard x-ray telescope mission

Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 2806, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.254021

KEYWORDS: Space telescopes, Telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Sensors, Hard x-rays, Crystals, Spatial resolution, Multilayers, Charge-coupled devices, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 1996 Paper

Hard x-ray telescope mission

Paul Gorenstein, D. Worrall, Karsten Joensen, Suzanne Romaine, Martin Weisskopf, Brian Ramsey, James Bilbro, Richard Kroeger, Neil Gehrels, Ann Parsons, Robert Smither, Finn Christensen, Oberto Citterio, Peter von Ballmoos

Proceedings Volume 2807, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.255094

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Space telescopes, Crystals, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, Multilayers, Spatial resolution, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 1996 Paper

Lobster-eye x-ray telescope prototype

Paul Gorenstein, Elizabeth Whitbeck, Gerald Austin, Almus Kenter, Ladislav Pina, Adolf Inneman, Rene Hudec

Proceedings Volume 2805, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.245080

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Telescopes, Glasses, Eye, Spatial resolution, Nickel, X-ray telescopes, Reflector telescopes, Mirrors, Gold

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Proceedings Article | 20 June 1995 Paper

Hard x-ray Wolter-I telescope using broadband multilayer coatings on replica substrates: problems and solutions

Karsten Joensen, Paul Gorenstein, Oberto Citterio, Peter Hoghoj, Ian Anderson, O. Schaerpf

Proceedings Volume 2515, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.212584

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Telescopes, X-rays, Gold, X-ray telescopes, Atomic force microscopy, Hard x-rays, Reflection, Nickel, Interfaces

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1995

Grazing incidence Fe-line telescopes using W/B₄C multilayers

Karsten Joensen, Paul Gorenstein, Finn Christensen, George Gutman, James Wood

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 01, (January 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.188342

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Telescopes, Reflectors, Coating, Gold, Space telescopes, Reflector telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Reflectivity, Reflection

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 1994 Paper

Preliminary results of a feasibility study for a hard x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez telescope

Karsten Joensen, Paul Gorenstein, James Wood, Finn Christensen, Peter Hoghoj

Proceedings Volume 2279, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.193133

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Telescopes, Reflectors, Space telescopes, Reflectivity, X-ray telescopes, Hard x-rays, Reflector telescopes, Grazing incidence, Polishing

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Proceedings Article | 7 November 1994 Paper

Prospects for supermirrors in hard x-ray spectroscopy

Karsten Joensen, Paul Gorenstein, Finn Christensen, Peter Hoghoj, Eric Ziegler, Jean Susini, Andreas Freund, D. Siddons, James Wood

Proceedings Volume 2283, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.193181

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Hard x-rays, X-rays, Multilayers, Absorption, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Interfaces, Reflection, Synchrotrons

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 1994 Paper

Multilayer supermirrors: broad-band reflection coatings for the 15 to 100 keV range

Karsten Joensen, Paul Gorenstein, Finn Christensen, P. Hoeghoej, Eric Ziegler, Jean Susini, Andreas Freund, James Wood

Proceedings Volume 2253, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.192082

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Multilayers, Hard x-rays, Absorption, X-rays, Optical coatings, Interfaces, Synchrotrons, Astrophysics, Reflection

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Proceedings Article | 16 September 1994 Paper

Enhancing a moderate resolution x-ray telescope with a rotating modulation collimator

Paul Gorenstein, Alexis Finoguenov

Proceedings Volume 2280, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.186813

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Space telescopes, Modulation, Spatial resolution, Collimators, X-rays, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, Monte Carlo methods, X-ray optics

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