The Kaczmarz algorithm is an iterative method for solving linear equations in the form of Ax = b. It is widely used in computed tomography and digital signal processing (DSP) but has yet to be adopted in computer-generated holography. Phase retrieval algorithms, such as Gerchberg–Saxton or Fienup, are significantly more popular in this field. However, we propose a unique and alternative approach to projecting a replay field through discrete Fourier transform matrices and have shown that there are legitimate benefits to implementing this approach. The gradient descent iteration mechanism adopted by Kaczmarz, for instance provides finer granularity control over the individual pixels in the replay field. We consequently demonstrate the quality of the image is significantly improved when compared with Gerchberg–Saxton.
Holographic search algorithms such as direct search (DS) and simulated annealing allow high-quality holograms to be generated at the expense of long execution times. This is due to single iteration computational costs of O ( NxNy ) and number of required iterations of order O ( NxNy ) , where Nx and Ny are the image dimensions. This gives a combined performance of order O(Nx2Ny2). We use a technique to reduce the iteration cost down to O ( 1 ) for phase-sensitive computer-generated holograms, giving a final algorithmic performance of O ( NxNy ) . We do this by reformulating the mean-squared error (MSE) metric to allow it to be calculated from the diffraction field rather than requiring a forward transform step. For a 1024 × 1024-pixel test images, this gave us a ≈50,000 × speed-up when compared with traditional DS with little additional complexity. When applied to phase-modulating or amplitude-modulating devices, the proposed algorithm converges on a global minimum MSE in O ( NxNy ) time. By comparison, most extant algorithms do not guarantee that a global minimum is obtained. Those that do, have a computational complexity of at least O(Nx2Ny2) with the naive algorithm being O [ ( NxNy ) ! ] .
Computer-generated holography (CGH) is a technique to generate holographic interference patterns. One of the major issues related to computer hologram generation is the massive computational power required. Hardware accelerators are used to accelerate this process. Previous publications targeting hardware platforms lack performance comparisons between different architectures and do not provide enough information for the evaluation of the suitability of recent hardware platforms for CGH algorithms. We aim to address these limitations and present a comprehensive review of CGH-related hardware implementations.
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