Sensing analysis of methane gas has been presented in this paper by using Silicon on Insulator (SoI) based gas sensor. Methane a primary component of natural gas and a significant contributor in global warming. Sensing of methane is important because it is highly combustible gas which may leak from the voids of caverns and can explode during mining activities. To avoid fire in underground coal mines optical sensors, need to be designed. To evaluate sensing performance in this research work, gas detectors are investigated using two types of optical waveguides, one is Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and other is SoI based optical rectangular waveguide. These two-waveguide structure works for sensing application of several liberated gases in atmosphere and can detect the presence of methane. However, SoI based rectangular waveguide is more sensitive to the change in the Refractive Index (RI) corresponding to methane volume concentration in air. Further to increase the sensitivity, integrated circuit ring resonator is designed to detect the very low concentration of methane in air. On comparison of SM fiber and SoI waveguide in its straight and ring form, the SoI ring resonator structure is found to be sensitive to ~1% methane concentration.
The solid core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) with circular air holes arranged in triangular lattice and in hexagonal pattern is analyzed with variation in number of air hole rings array around the core region. In this fiber, the modified internal reflection mechanism of optical wave guiding has been explored. The core of higher index inhibits the passage of the light in the cladding, thereby resulting in light guidance. To validate the guiding phenomenon of this fiber, Finite Element Method (FEM) computation is applied. This method involves the sub-division of the geometrical area of interest into small composite elements. The refractive index of the cladding region is considered by using Sellmeier Equation to incorporate the dispersion effect of the fiber. The light is launched in the core region and the Electric-field intensity is confined at the center of solid core PCF. The mode confinement loss of this PCF decreases with increase in air hole ring layer. Also, the propagation loss is less for lower order wavelength in conventional optical wavelength band. Therefore this design of solid core PCF is suitable for sensing with lower number of air hole ring array, and suitable for communication with higher number of air hole ring array.
Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) waveguides are suitable for photonic integrated design for communication as well as sensing due to its various advantageous features. Initial research on SOI waveguide showed that light as a wave can be confined inside high refractive indexed bulk silicon rectangular waveguide. Later, research reported by researchers working on silicon nanowire waveguide suggests that wave can also be guided in low refractive index (RI) region, mainly inside the gaps between high RI materials. The working phenomena and application for its sensing capacity is related to a number of factors, which need full in-depth understanding. This study started with the comparison of mode field propagation and sensing behaviour of both high refractive indexed guided bulk rectangular waveguide and low refractive indexed guided nanowire waveguide. This study suggests that both, bulk high RI waveguide and nanowire low RI waveguide are supporting hybrid modes of quasi-TE nature. Results indicate that interaction of sensing analyte is significant in nanowire waveguide and negligible in bulk rectangular waveguide. Waveguide responses were analyzed using finite element method-based boundary mode analysis. The result showed that the surface sensing is dominant and to illustrate the role of surface interacting with analyte, the effect of functionalization layer coverage over the surface of silicon wires is investigated using waveguide confinement factor. These results suggest that full cover of functionalization layer is having more interaction towards sensing analyte. On this basis, the concept of functionalization layer over waveguide sensing surface should be taken into account when designing a label-free surface sensing optical device.
In this paper a subwavelength waveguide-to-fiber coupler based on two dimensional periodic grating is proposed. In this approach Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) based structure is employed to couple the radiated mode field inside the core of optical fiber. Rectangular photonic integrated circuit (PIC) waveguide having standard SOI height technology of 220 nm is considered for guiding optical field inside on chip waveguide.
Structure of a curve slot waveguide based on the Si3N4- SiO2 index contrast is demonstrated by using full vectorial Finite Element Method (FEM). Modal analysis of the device has been performed in quasi TM mode at 1550nm wavelength. Confinement factor and birefringence property of curve slot waveguide has been discussed for variations in slot width. Effective refractive index of the device has also been calculated for the large wavelength range. The waveguide is designed with silicon nitride in complementary to silicon, so it provides low loss due to roughness of wall in large bandwidth range. Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) based curve slot waveguide is found a good configuration of waveguide to confine the light in slot region and in terms of material integration and fabrication.
In this paper a subwavelength ring resonator based on array of silicon nanowire is proposed. Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) based structure is employed to couple resonance wavelength from one waveguide to another waveguide in opposite direction via ring waveguide structure. Silicon nanowire waveguide having standard SOI height technology of 220nm is considered for designing of proposed ring resonator structure. Replacing silicon nanowire technology with conventional integrated optics takes the photonics to a new level, where the cavity between nanowires serves as a nice optical confinement region. The advantage of using silicon nanowire over ring resonator can be seen in the narrowness of the filtered wavelength ranges and hence the sharpness of the filtering process. This structure finds its application as a notch filter to filter out the C-band wavelengths by adjusting waveguide geometrical parameters.
A highly sensitive and high resolution Interrogation setup for Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based sensing to measure low strain variation (i.e ~100με) effectively is being proposed in this manuscript. This system uses edge detection interrogation scheme using two optical signals generated through carrier compressed modulation scheme. Here, Dual Drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DD-MZM) is employed to generate carrier suppressed first order sidebands, which are then used as two optical signals and detected on two different power meters. Differential power measurement technique is used to calculate change in wavelength or applied strain at detector end. This system can provide system sensitivity as high as 0.3193 dBm.με-1 and resolution upto 31.31nε in term of strain or 37.2fm in terms of wavelength. Which is much higher than present commercially available interrogation system (~0.8με). The proposed interrogation system can be employed in biomedical sensing to monitor cardiac and respiratory activity even during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning condition as they are not prone to any electromagnetic interference.
Detection of DNA hybridization by Silicon Nanowire Optical Rectangular Waveguide (SNORW) using full vectorial finite element method is presented. Waveguide is designed to detect DNA hybridization through change in refractive index of single strand and double strand DNA. SNORW having high surface to volume ratio with optical confinement inside low index region permits a compact sensor. Waveguide sensing characteristics such as change in effective refractive index, waveguide sensitivity and power confinement is evaluated for optimized silicon wired waveguide.
A silicon nanowire waveguide based glucose sensor has been proposed and analyzed. It uses minimal invasive approach to measure the glucose level in a very small blood sample, where, Ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an anticoagulant, sodium fluoride as preservative and blood sample measurand are added in the ratio of 8:1:1. As the glucose concentration in the blood sample varies, the refractive index (RI) of blood changes, accordingly the refractive index of the solution with 10% blood also gets altered, which in turn to deviated response of the biosensor. The prediction of glucose level is affirmed by taking this solution as a cladding measurand of waveguide. Silicon Nanowire Optical Rectangular Waveguide (SNORW) is proposed for the first time in bio-sensing application for the detection of blood glucose. It works on the principle of detecting changes in refractive index for various concentrations of glucose level ranging from 10 mg/dl to 200 mg/dl. Additionally, SNORW sensor characteristics are compared accordingly with the slot waveguide sensors.
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