Dr. Robert J. J. Cooper Profile

Dr. Robert J. J. Cooper

Lecturer, EPSRC Early Career Fellow at Univ College London

SPIE Involvement:

Editorial Board Member: Neurophotonics | Author

Publications (30)

SPIE Journal Paper | 23 October 2023 Open Access

Low-cost, smartphone-based instant three-dimensional registration system for infant functional near-infrared spectroscopy applications

Yunjia Xia, Kui Wang, Addison Billing, Matthew Billing, Robert J. Cooper, Hubin Zhao

NPh, Vol. 10, Issue 04, 046601, (October 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.10.4.046601

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Head, Automatic alignment, Photogrammetry, 3D scanning, Point clouds, Cameras, 3D acquisition, 3D image processing, Solid modeling

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SPIE Journal Paper | 17 May 2023 Open Access

Wearable, high-density fNIRS and diffuse optical tomography technologies: a perspective

Ernesto E. Vidal-Rosas, Alexander von Lühmann, Paola Pinti, Robert J. Cooper

NPh, Vol. 10, Issue 02, 023513, (May 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.10.2.023513

KEYWORDS: Diffuse optical tomography, Brain, Neuroimaging, Head, Neurophotonics, Near infrared spectroscopy, Design and modelling, Hemodynamics, Standards development, Miniaturization

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SPIE Journal Paper | 30 August 2022 Open Access

Optical imaging and spectroscopy for the study of the human brain: status report

Hasan Ayaz, Wesley Baker, Giles Blaney, David Boas, Heather Bortfeld, Kenneth Brady, Joshua Brake, Sabrina Brigadoi, Erin M. Buckley, Stefan Carp, Robert Cooper, Kyle Cowdrick, Joseph Culver, Ippeita Dan, Hamid Dehghani, Anna Devor, Turgut Durduran, Adam Eggebrecht, Lauren Emberson, Qianqian Fang, Sergio Fantini, Maria Angela Franceschini, Jonas Fischer, Judit Gervain, Joy Hirsch, Keum-Shik Hong, Roarke Horstmeyer, Jana Kainerstorfer, Tiffany Ko, Daniel Licht, Adam Liebert, Robert Luke, Jennifer Lynch, Jaume Mesquida, Rickson Mesquita, Noman Naseer, Sergio Novi, Felipe Orihuela-Espina, Thomas O'Sullivan, Darcy Peterka, Antonio Pifferi, Luca Pollonini, Angelo Sassaroli, João Ricardo Sato, Felix Scholkmann, Lorenzo Spinelli, Vivek Srinivasan, Keith St. Lawrence, Ilias Tachtsidis, Yunjie Tong, Alessandro Torricelli, Tara Urner, Heidrun Wabnitz, Martin Wolf, Ursula Wolf, Shiqi Xu, Changhuei Yang, Arjun Yodh, Meryem Yücel, Wenjun Zhou

NPh, Vol. 9, Issue S2, S24001, (August 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.9.S2.S24001

KEYWORDS: Brain, Near infrared spectroscopy, Neuroimaging, Imaging spectroscopy, Sensors, Optical imaging, Optical spectroscopy imaging, Optical spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Tissue optics

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Optimum selection of individual-level neonatal models in place of subject-specific priors for infant diffuse optical tomography

Liam Collins-Jones, Clare Elwell, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11920, 119200U (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615256

KEYWORDS: Head, Data modeling, Image registration, Absorption, Diffuse optical tomography, Databases, Magnetic resonance imaging, Image restoration, Motion models, Medical research

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

ANIMATE: wearable, flexible, and ultra-lightweight high-density diffuse optical tomography technologies for functional neuroimaging of newborns

Hubin Zhao, Elisabetta Maria Frijia, Ernesto Vidal Rosas, Liam Collins-Jones, Greg Smith, Reuben Nixon-Hill, Samuel Powell, Nicholas Everdell, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11920, 119201A (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615357

KEYWORDS: Neuroimaging, Diffuse optical tomography, Connectors, Sensors, Imaging arrays, Mechanical engineering, Light emitting diodes, Imaging systems, Absorbance, Traumatic brain injury

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Evaluating a new generation of wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) technology via retinotopic mapping in the adult brain

Ernesto Vidal-Rosas, Hubin Zhao, Reuben Nixon-Hill, Greg Smith, Luke Dunne, Samuel Powell, Robert Cooper, Nicholas Everdell

Proceedings Volume 11920, 1192019 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615354

KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Brain mapping, Visualization, Brain, Hemodynamics, Head, Diffuse optical tomography, Positron emission tomography, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 3D image processing

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Wearable HD-DOT for investigating functional connectivity in the adult brain: a single subject, multi-session study

Julie Uchitel, Borja Blanco, Liam Collins-Jones, Ernesto Vidal-Rosas, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11920, 119201B (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615360

KEYWORDS: Brain, Sensors, Head, 3D modeling, Tissue optics, Image restoration, Waveguides, Remote sensing, Prefrontal cortex, Finite element methods

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Proceedings Article | 9 December 2021 Paper

Towards cot-side mapping of the sensorimotor cortex in preterm and term infants with wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography

Elisabetta Maria Frijia, Hubin Zhao, Liam Collins-Jones, Greg Smith, Nicholas Everdell, Topun Austin, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11920, 119201C (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2615363

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensorimotor cortex, Diffuse optical tomography, Data modeling, Brain mapping, Brain, 3D acquisition, Video, Spatial resolution, Silicon

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SPIE Journal Paper | 12 June 2021 Open Access

Group-level cortical functional connectivity patterns using fNIRS: assessing the effect of bilingualism in young infants

Borja Blanco, Monika Molnar, Manuel Carreiras, Liam Collins-Jones, Ernesto Elias Vidal Rosas, Robert Cooper, Cesar Caballero-Gaudes

NPh, Vol. 8, Issue 02, 025011, (June 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.8.2.025011

KEYWORDS: Brain, Independent component analysis, Statistical analysis, Data modeling, Neurophotonics, Matrices, Hemodynamics, Head, Sensors, Chromophores

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Significance: Early monolingual versus bilingual experience induces adaptations in the development of linguistic and cognitive processes, and it modulates functional activation patterns during the first months of life. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is a convenient approach to study the functional organization of the infant brain. RSFC can be measured in infants during natural sleep, and it allows to simultaneously investigate various functional systems. Adaptations have been observed in RSFC due to a lifelong bilingual experience. Investigating whether bilingualism-induced adaptations in RSFC begin to emerge early in development has important implications for our understanding of how the infant brain’s organization can be shaped by early environmental factors. Aims: We attempt to describe RSFC using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to examine whether it adapts to early monolingual versus bilingual environments. We also present an fNIRS data preprocessing and analysis pipeline that can be used to reliably characterize RSFC in development and to reduce false positives and flawed results interpretations. Methods: We measured spontaneous hemodynamic brain activity in a large cohort (N = 99) of 4-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants using fNIRS. We implemented group-level approaches based on independent component analysis to examine RSFC, while providing proper control for physiological confounds and multiple comparisons. Results: At the group level, we describe the functional organization of the 4-month-old infant brain in large-scale cortical networks. Unbiased group-level comparisons revealed no differences in RSFC between monolingual and bilingual infants at this age. Conclusions: High-quality fNIRS data provide a means to reliably describe RSFC patterns in the infant brain. The proposed group-level RSFC analyses allow to assess differences in RSFC across experimental conditions. An effect of early bilingual experience in RSFC was not observed, suggesting that adaptations might only emerge during explicit linguistic tasks, or at a later point in development.

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SPIE Journal Paper | 9 April 2021 Open Access

Evaluating a new generation of wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography technology via retinotopic mapping of the adult visual cortex

Ernesto Vidal-Rosas, Hubin Zhao, Reuben Nixon-Hill, Greg Smith, Luke Dunne, Samuel Powell, Robert Cooper, Nicholas Everdell

NPh, Vol. 8, Issue 02, 025002, (April 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.8.2.025002

KEYWORDS: Diffuse optical tomography, Visualization, Neurophotonics, Visual cortex, Head, Brain, Hemodynamics, 3D modeling, Signal to noise ratio, Imaging systems

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SPIE Journal Paper | 26 March 2021 Open Access

Design and validation of a mechanically flexible and ultra-lightweight high-density diffuse optical tomography system for functional neuroimaging of newborns

Hubin Zhao, Elisabetta Frijia, Ernesto Vidal Rosas, Liam Collins-Jones, Greg Smith, Reuben Nixon-Hill, Samuel Powell, Nicholas Everdell, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 8, Issue 01, 015011, (March 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.8.1.015011

KEYWORDS: Neuroimaging, Imaging systems, Connectors, Absorption, Sensors, Neurophotonics, Brain, Absorbance, Optical properties, Near infrared

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Significance: Neonates are a highly vulnerable population. The risk of brain injury is greater during the first days and weeks after birth than at any other time of life. Functional neuroimaging that can be performed longitudinally and at the cot-side has the potential to improve our understanding of the evolution of multiple forms of neurological injury over the perinatal period. However, existing technologies make it very difficult to perform repeated and/or long-duration functional neuroimaging experiments at the cot-side. Aim: We aimed to create a modular, high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) technology specifically for neonatal applications that is ultra-lightweight, low profile and provides high mechanical flexibility. We then sought to validate this technology using an anatomically accurate dynamic phantom. Approach: An advanced 10-layer rigid-flexible printed circuit board technology was adopted as the basis for the DOT modules, which allows for a compact module design that also provides the flexibility needed to conform to the curved infant scalp. Two module layouts were implemented: dual-hexagon and triple-hexagon. Using in-built board-to-board connectors, the system can be configured to provide a vast range of possible layouts. Using epoxy resin, thermochromic dyes, and MRI-derived 3D-printed moulds, we constructed an electrically switchable, anatomically accurate dynamic phantom. This phantom was used to quantify the imaging performance of our flexible, modular HD-DOT system. Results: Using one particular module configuration designed to cover the infant sensorimotor system, the device provided 36 source and 48 detector positions, and over 700 viable DOT channels per wavelength, ranging from 10 to ∼45 mm over an area of approximately 60 cm2. The total weight of this system is only 70 g. The signal changes from the dynamic phantom, while slow, closely simulated real hemodynamic response functions. Using difference images obtained from the phantom, the measured 3D localization error provided by the system at the depth of the cortex was in the of range 3 to 6 mm, and the lateral image resolution at the depth of the neonatal cortex is estimated to be as good as 10 to 12 mm. Conclusions: The HD-DOT system described is ultra-low weight, low profile, can conform to the infant scalp, and provides excellent imaging performance. It is expected that this device will make functional neuroimaging of the neonatal brain at the cot-side significantly more practical and effective.

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Proceedings Article | 8 March 2021 Presentation

Wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography (HDDOT) for unrestricted 3D functional neuroimaging

Ernesto Vidal-Rosas, Rueben Hill, Greg Smith, Hubin Zhao, Samuel Powell, Nick Everdell, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11629, 116291R (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583161

KEYWORDS: Diffuse optical tomography, Neuroimaging, Imaging systems, Visualization, Brain imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 8 February 2021 Open Access

Errata: Best practices for fNIRS publications

Meryem Yücel, Alexander von Lühmann, Felix Scholkmann, Judit Gervain, Ippeita Dan, Hasan Ayaz, David Boas, Robert J. Cooper, Joseph Culver, Clare Elwell, Adam Eggebrecht, Maria Angela Franceschini, Christophe Grova, Fumitaka Homae, Frédéric Lesage, Hellmuth Obrig, Ilias Tachtsidis, Sungho Tak, Yunjie Tong, Alessandro Torricelli, Heidrun Wabnitz, Martin Wolf

NPh, Vol. 8, Issue 01, 019802, (February 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.8.1.019802

KEYWORDS: Biomedical engineering, Medical research, Neurophotonics, Analytical research, Radiology, Medicine, Biomedical optics, Psychology, Medical physics, Functional imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 7 January 2021 Open Access

Best practices for fNIRS publications

Meryem Yücel, Alexander Lühmann, Felix Scholkmann, Judit Gervain, Ippeita Dan, Hasan Ayaz, David Boas, Robert Cooper, Joseph Culver, Clare Elwell, Adam Eggebrecht, Maria Franceschini, Christophe Grova, Fumitaka Homae, Frédéric Lesage, Hellmuth Obrig, Ilias Tachtsidis, Sungho Tak, Yunjie Tong, Alessandro Torricelli, Heidrun Wabnitz, Martin Wolf

NPh, Vol. 8, Issue 01, 012101, (January 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.8.1.012101

KEYWORDS: Statistical analysis, Brain, Signal processing, Neurophotonics, Sensors, Hemodynamics, Tissues, Standards development, Head, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2019 Paper

Mapping hemodynamic changes during hypoglycemia in the very preterm neonatal brain: preliminary results

Sabrina Brigadoi, Alfonso Galderisi, Edoardo Pieropan, Robert Cooper, Simone Cutini, Eugenio Baraldi, Claudio Cobelli, Roberto Dell'Acqua, Giovanni Sparacino, Daniele Trevisanuto

Proceedings Volume 11074, 110740E (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526974

KEYWORDS: Brain, Hemodynamics, Glucose, Head, Brain mapping, Data modeling, Data acquisition, Blood, Sensors, Diffuse optical tomography

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2019 Paper

Integrating motion sensing and wearable, modular high-density diffuse optical tomography: preliminary results

Sabrina Brigadoi, Aman Ganglani, Hubin Zhao, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11074, 1107405 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2527197

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Data acquisition, Diffuse optical tomography, Gyroscopes, Motion detection, Diffuse optical imaging, Data conversion, Neuroimaging, Imaging systems, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2019 Paper

Advances in wearable high-density diffuse optical tomography: first applications of a new commercial technology and development of an infant-specific research device

Hubin Zhao, Sabrina Brigadoi, Reuben Hill, Greg Smith, Luke Dunne, Elisabetta Maria Frijia, Samuel Powell, Nick Everdell, Robert Cooper

Proceedings Volume 11074, 1107403 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526976

KEYWORDS: Diffuse optical tomography, Brain, Neuroimaging, Hemodynamics, Optical fibers, Imaging systems, Near infrared spectroscopy, Light emitting diodes, Photodiodes

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SPIE Journal Paper | 13 September 2018 Open Access

Array Designer: automated optimized array design for functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Sabrina Brigadoi, Domenico Salvagnin, Matteo Fischetti, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 5, Issue 03, 035010, (September 2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.5.3.035010

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Near infrared spectroscopy, Brain, Head, Computer simulations, Neurophotonics, Neodymium, Signal to noise ratio, Computing systems, Detection and tracking algorithms

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SPIE Journal Paper | 26 September 2017 Open Access

Review of recent progress toward a fiberless, whole-scalp diffuse optical tomography system

Hubin Zhao, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 5, Issue 01, 011012, (September 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.5.1.011012

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Control systems, Light emitting diodes, Electronics, Avalanche photodetectors, Photodiodes, Silicon, Neurophotonics, Diffuse optical tomography, Optical fibers

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SPIE Journal Paper | 24 May 2017 Open Access

Image reconstruction of oxidized cerebral cytochrome C oxidase changes from broadband near-infrared spectroscopy data

Sabrina Brigadoi, Phong Phan, David Highton, Samuel Powell, Robert Cooper, Jeremy Hebden, Martin Smith, Ilias Tachtsidis, Clare Elwell, Adam Gibson

NPh, Vol. 4, Issue 02, 021105, (May 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.4.2.021105

KEYWORDS: Image restoration, Near infrared spectroscopy, Brain, Neurovascular coupling, Visualization, Diffuse optical tomography, Neuroimaging, Data acquisition, Visual cortex, Chromophores

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SPIE Journal Paper | 12 May 2016 Open Access

Errata: Hemodynamic response to burst-suppressed and discontinuous electroencephalography activity in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Maria Chalia, Chuen Wai Lee, Laura Dempsey, Andrea Edwards, Harsimrat Singh, Andrew Michell, Nicholas Everdell, Reuben Hill, Jeremy Hebden, Topun Austin, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 3, Issue 03, 039802, (May 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.039802

KEYWORDS: Hemodynamics, Electroencephalography, Biomedical optics, Roads, Video, Medical physics, Biomedical engineering, Neurophysiology, Neurophotonics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 May 2016 Open Access

Hemodynamic response to burst-suppressed and discontinuous electroencephalography activity in infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

Maria Chalia, Chuen Wai Lee, Laura Dempsey, Andrea Edwards, Harsimrat Singh, Andrew Michell, Nicholas Everdell, Reuben Hill, Jeremy Hebden, Topun Austin, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 3, Issue 03, 031408, (May 2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031408

KEYWORDS: Electroencephalography, Hemodynamics, Brain, Data modeling, Neurophotonics, Electrodes, Diffuse optical tomography, Oxygen, Video, Injuries

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Proceedings Article | 16 July 2015 Paper

Whole-head functional brain imaging of neonates at cot-side using time-resolved diffuse optical tomography

Laura Dempsey, Robert Cooper, Samuel Powell, Andrea Edwards, Chuen-Wai Lee, Sabrina Brigadoi, Nick Everdell, Simon Arridge, Adam Gibson, Topun Austin, Jeremy Hebden

Proceedings Volume 9538, 953818 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190420

KEYWORDS: Head, Image restoration, Sensors, Brain, Diffuse optical tomography, Scattering, Tissues, Photons, Data acquisition, Hemodynamics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 26 May 2015 Open Access

How short is short? Optimum source–detector distance for short-separation channels in functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Sabrina Brigadoi, Robert Cooper

NPh, Vol. 2, Issue 02, 025005, (May 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.025005

KEYWORDS: Reliability, Hemodynamics, Brain, Head, Sensors, Functional near infrared spectroscopy, Near infrared spectroscopy, Neurophotonics, Statistical analysis, Functional magnetic resonance imaging

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SPIE Journal Paper | 5 May 2015 Open Access

Anatomical guidance for functional near-infrared spectroscopy: AtlasViewer tutorial

Christopher Aasted, Meryem Yücel, Robert Cooper, Jay Dubb, Daisuke Tsuzuki, Lino Becerra, Mike Petkov, David Borsook, Ippeita Dan, David Boas

NPh, Vol. 2, Issue 02, 020801, (May 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.NPh.2.2.020801

KEYWORDS: Head, Sensors, Near infrared spectroscopy, Brain, Absorption, Image restoration, Tissues, Neurophotonics, Monte Carlo methods, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2015 Paper

Dynamic image reconstruction in time-resolved diffuse optical tomography

Samuel Powell, Robert Cooper, Jeremy Hebden, Simon Arridge

Proceedings Volume 9319, 93191I (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2077465

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Data modeling, Image restoration, Filtering (signal processing), Sensors, Image quality, Absorption, Optical tomography, Temporal resolution, Hemodynamics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 6 January 2015 Open Access

Data-driven approach to optimum wavelength selection for diffuse optical imaging

Laura Dempsey, Robert Cooper, Tania Roque, Teresa Correia, Elliott Magee, Samuel Powell, Adam Gibson, Jeremy Hebden

JBO, Vol. 20, Issue 01, 016003, (January 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.20.1.016003

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gold, Diffuse optical imaging, Near infrared spectroscopy, Absorption, Head, Optical fibers, Imaging systems, Tissues, Image restoration

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SPIE Journal Paper | 14 August 2014 Open Access

Performance assessment of time-domain optical brain imagers, part 1: basic instrumental performance protocol

Heidrun Wabnitz, Dieter Taubert, Mikhail Mazurenka, Oliver Steinkellner, Alexander Jelzow, Rainer Macdonald, Daniel Milej, Piotr Sawosz, Michał Kacprzak, Adam Liebert, Robert Cooper, Jeremy Hebden, Antonio Pifferi, Andrea Farina, Ilaria Bargigia, Davide Contini, Matteo Caffini, Lucia Zucchelli, Lorenzo Spinelli, Rinaldo Cubeddu, Alessandro Torricelli

JBO, Vol. 19, Issue 08, 086010, (August 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JBO.19.8.086010

KEYWORDS: Neuroimaging, Brain, Imaging systems, Sensors, Tissue optics, Biomedical optics, In vivo imaging, Transmittance, Absorption, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 8 May 2012 Paper

Simultaneous EEG and diffuse optical imaging of seizure-related hemodynamic activity in the newborn infant brain

Jeremy Hebden, Robert Cooper, Adam Gibson, Nick Everdell, Topun Austin

Proceedings Volume 8427, 84271N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.922990

KEYWORDS: Electroencephalography, Hemodynamics, Brain, Head, Imaging systems, Sensors, Control systems, Diffuse optical imaging, Neuroimaging, Optical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 29 February 2012 Paper

Quantifying the cortical contribution to the NIRS signal using simultaneous NIRS-BOLD measurements

Louis Gagnon, Meryem Yücel, Mathieu Dehaes, Robert Cooper, Katherine Perdue, Juliette Selb, David Boas

Proceedings Volume 8216, 82160F (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.909629

KEYWORDS: Near infrared spectroscopy, Veins, Monte Carlo methods, Brain, In vivo imaging, Tissue optics, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Tissues, Oxygen, Data modeling

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