In this work, a 633nm laser is used. The light beam passes through a fixed linear polarizer before hitting a rectangular container where the solution is located. Different solutions were used, including distilled water, standard sugar, refined sugar and brown sugar. The beam finally travels to a polarizer that can rotate on its own axis and then reaches an optical fiber connector where the signal is processed. The rotating polarizer has a gear configuration and a stepper motor controlled by an ESP32 microprocessor and an external power source, allowing precise control of the polarizer's rotation by the microprocessor. The resulting signal is captured in optical fiber by means of a photodiode and sent to the microprocessor where it is processed and then sent to a mobile device, where it is stored and processed for better understanding. The results of the power obtained when passing a polarized beam through different solutions at different concentrations are analyzed, and a correlation between the amount of sugar contamination and the received power was determinate. The application is based on Angular framework and has a settings tab where the current angle of the polarizer is displayed, buttons to start or stop a measurement, as well as text boxes where parameters for measurements can be configured, such as the direction of rotation and the angular speed of the polarizer. It has various functionalities for graphing the stored data and comparing them, as well as some visualization tools. It also allows viewing a time series with real-time measurements and a section to manage stored data.
This work presents a novel fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor that can measure curvature due to its structure. This structure employs a 2-section MZI filter constructed from SMF-28 fiber using the core offset technique. The source in the 1480-1600 nm range shows intermodal energy interference between the core and the cladding and exhibits six spacing notches for sensing applications. The sensibility obtained was of 0.00018 nm/uW when curvature is applied. However, by including a thin film based on Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and another with Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) in the sensing arrangement, an increase in the sensitivity was detected with a value of 0.00015 nm/uW and 0.00016 nm/uW, respectively. This sensor can be used for applications in various fields, such as environmental monitoring, engineering, and process control.
Bending losses in optical fiber result in additional propagation losses when light is coupled from core modes to cladding modes as the fiber is bent. This effect becomes significant once a certain critical radius of curvature is reached, and its value increases considerably at longer wavelengths as the modes become less confined to the nucleus. In this way, flexion sensors have had a wide range of applications, including structural monitoring, motion detection in devices for biomedical purposes, and robotic configurations, among others. This article studies the bend-loss in two single-mode fiber embedded in two different silicones and arranged in a circular shape. The experiment is carried out in two parts by vertically inserting pressure with a C-clamp into a bent optical fiber silicone-filled mold while holding the initial condition constant to induce bend-loss in a four-turn fiber. In both sensors, optical fiber was coiled a total number of 4 times with a diameter of 4.8 cm and 5.0 cm. Each mold has different characteristics, e.g., density, 1050.92 mg/cm3 and 878.33 mg/cm3. It is found that both sensors are suitable for measuring pressure, but the difference comes in the range of measurements, the denser sensor can measure 2.12 dB per lap, while the less dense sensor can measure 0.70 dB per lap. Also, an Arduino program connected to a web analyzer is used to access the data on a computer in real time.
In-line fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers have become more popular than traditional electric sensors because of their small size, low cost, easy fabrication, resistance to electromagnetic interference, durability against extreme environments, and ease of use. This paper discusses the development, characteristics, and properties of a curvature-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The MZI comprises a filter made by splicing core-offset sections of a special mode fiber (SSMF) with a cladding diameter of 70 μm in an SMF-SSMF-SMF-SSMF-SMF (1m/25mm/30mm/25mm/1m) configuration. The SSMF splices act as the arms of the MZI, while the mismatch diameter sections serve as optical fiber couplers. The MZI was characterized by measuring the optical spectrum response when a broadband source of 1537.5 to 1600 nm was launched with a power of 10 dBm to transmit light through the arrangement. The optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) detects the transmitted light and analyzes its optical transmission characteristics, showing 5 notches of modal interferences into the longitude region. As a result of the experimental arrangement, the displacement and curvature sensitivities are 0.003 nm/μm and 0.509 nm/μm-1, respectively. The proposed sensor has potential advantages for measuring refractive index, pH, torsion, curvature, and temperature.
The Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI produces light interference due to the phase differences between the two paths. In this experiment, a 3-section MZI filter made of SMF-28 fiber with core-offset technique, which manually displaces the centers of the fiber core by 30 m was used with a 10dBm light source emitting in the 1480-1600 nm range. The results revealed intermodal energy interference between the core and the cladding and six spacing notches for sensing purposes.
This work introduces a pH detector based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) designed to operate in pH 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0 buffer solutions. The sensor utilizes the monitoring for a particular solution comprising Alizarin Red S and OH carbon nanotubes at a wavelength of 1559 nm.
We report an experimental study erbium-doped fiber laser for gas pressure detection in the L-band wavelength region by laser intracavity absorption spectroscopy. By using a high-birefringence fiber optical loop mirror as spectral filter within the ring cavity laser, the wavelength of the generated laser line is finely selected and tuned in a range of ~10 nm in order to select the wavelength where the gas absorption line is exhibited. Experimental results for detection of CO2 pressure with absorption at 1573.2 nm are shown and discussed. The proposed fiber laser sensor exhibits reliability and stability for gas detection with absorption in the L-band such as CO2, CO, and H2S.
We report an in-fiber structure based on the use of a multimode fiber segment and a double cladding fiber segment, and its application as spectral filter in an erbium-doped fiber laser for selection and tuning of the laser line wavelength. The output transmission of the proposed device exhibit spectrum modulation of the input signal with free spectral range of ~21 nm and maximum visibility enhanced to more than ~20 dB. The output spectrum of the in-fiber filter is wavelength displaced by bending application which allows a wavelength tuning of the generated laser line in a range of ~12 nm. The use of the proposed in-fiber structure is demonstrated as a reliable, simple, and low-cost wavelength filter for tunable fiber lasers design and optical instrumentation applications.
In this paper, a cubic-like structure is proposed to scan and print tools used as medical equipment at low cost for developing countries. The structure features a 3-axis frame plane that uses high-precision step motors. An actuator drives the “x and y” axis through serrated bands with 2 mm pitch. Those give an accuracy of 2.5 microns tops. The z-axe is driven by and inductive sensor that allows us to keep the focus to the printing bed as well as to search for non-smooth areas to correct it and deliver an homogeneous impression. The 3D scanner as well as the entire gears are placed underneath in order to save space. As extrude tip, we are using a 445 nm UV laser with 2000 mW of power. The laser system is able to perform several functions such as crystallizing, engraving or cut though a set of mirror arrays. Crystallization occurs when the laser is guided towards the base. This process allows us to direct it towards the polymer injector and as a result, it crystalizes on the spot. Another feature that this system is the engraving process that occurs while the base moves. The movement allows the beam to pass freely towards the base and perform the engraving process.
Geometrical shaping of non-adiabatic single tapers is used to modify the filtering characteristics. The fiber tapers are shaped by successive tapering. The taper shaping produces deeper rejection bands. As an application of the shaped tapers, fluidic temperature sensing cells were fabricated. In a first case, the wavelength shift of a single rejection band was monitored, showing a nonlinear response and low sensitivity to temperature changes. In a second case, a shaped taper fluidic cell containing two rejection bands was used, and the wavelength shift of the half intensity points of the transmission band (between the rejection bands) was taken as a measure of the temperature change. In this case, the fluidic cell showed a linear sensitivity of 481.9 pm/°C in a temperature range of 25°C-60°C.
Homogenize light is the principal purpose of mixing rods. Light extraction from mixing rods is proposed by changing the shape of the face, the rod or a combination of both for many applications. Light extraction also can be done by its lateral face by cutting the Mixing rod. In this work a simulation of square and hexagonal poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) mixing rods were made in Radiant Zemax ® 12 release 2 designed with an elliptical transversal cut to extract light from a lateral face. The cut is specular for rays that fulfill the total internal reflection condition, the reflected rays are deviated and the Total Internal Reflection (TIR) condition broken, then, extracted. An advantage of this cut is that it can be controlled in depth to extract the amount of light required and the remaining light used for other purposes. Also it can reduce the size of the mixing rods and optical components. For the simulation, an LED light were used as source, the light were homogenized by the mixing rod and due to it, the light extracted is also homogenous. The polar power map, radiant intensity and color of the light extracted are presented and compared in both mixing rods.
Among the main challenges for systems based in solar concentrators and plastic optical fibers (POF) the accuracy needed for the solar tracking is founded. One approach to overcome these requirements is increasing acceptance angle of the components, usually by secondary optical elements (SOE), however this technique is effective for photovoltaic applications but it has not been analyzed for systems coupled to POFs for indoor illumination. On this subject, it is presented a numerical analysis of a solar collector assembled by a Fresnel lens as primary optical element (POE) combined with a compound elliptical concentrator (CEC) coupled to POF in order to compare its performance under incidence angle direction and also to show a trade-off analysis for two different Fresnel lens shapes, imaging and nonimaging, used in the collector system. The description of the Fresnel lenses and its designs are included, in addition to the focal areas with space and angular distribution profiles considering the optimal alignment with the source and maximum permissible incident angle for each case. For both systems the coupling between the optical components is analyzed and the total performance is calculated, having as result its comparison for indoor illumination. In both cases, the systems have better performance increasing the final output power, but the angular tolerance only was improved for the system with nonimaging concentrator that had an efficiency over 80% with acceptance angles 𝜃𝑖 ≤ 2° and, the system integrated by the imaging lens, presented an efficiency ratio over 75% for acceptance angles 𝜃𝑖 ≤ 0.7°.
We present a wavelength tuning of an Erbium-Doped Fiber Ring Laser (EDFRL) based in a Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer (MZFI) that consists on two tapers fabricated on commercial SMF28 from Corning as an intracavity filter. The MZFI spectral interference pattern is modified by external refractive index changes that alter the light transmission characteristics. In this work, the fiber device is immersed into a glycerol solution with higher dispersion in its refractive index in relation with temperature. Since the temperature sensitiveness of the glycerol is much higher than that of the fiber in a temperature range from 25-110 °C, therefore, the spectral changes are mainly due to the dispersion of glycerol refractive index when heat increases. Also, when this device is inserted into the EDFRL cavity, the gain spectrum of the EDF is modified accordingly and the changes, which can be controlled in an electrical heater, allow the tuning of the laser wavelength determined by the interference fringes. A wavelength shift as high as 180 pm/°C and a tunable range of 12 nm are obtained. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the fiber laser is around 25-30 dB depending on the notch filtering position. The insertion losses of the filter are below 0.3 dB and the measured wavelength shift has a quasilinear dependence as a function of temperature in the 80-110 °C. This method is very simple, portable and inexpensive over traditional methods to tune a fiber laser.
This work shows the results obtained from the “O4K” Project supported by International Society for Optics and Photonis (SPIE) and the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL) through its SPIE Student Chapter and the Dr. Juan Carlos Ruiz-Mendoza, outreach coordinator of the Facultad de Ciencias Fisico Matematicas of the UANL. Undergraduate and graduate students designed Optics representative activities using easy-access materials that allow the interaction of children with optics over the exploration, observation and experimentation, taking as premise that the best way to learn Science is the interaction with it. Several activities were realized through the 2011-2013 events with 1,600 kids with ages from 10 to 12; the results were analyzed using surveys. One of the principal conclusions is that in most of the cases the children changed their opinions about Sciences in a positive way.
The characteristics of self-pulsing in a large mode area, end-pumped, double-clad Yb-doped fiber laser are presented.
The laser operates in a self-pulsing regime either by using one or two perpendicularly cleaved ends as the feedback
mirrors while it transforms in a broadband amplified spontaneous emission source when both ends are angle cleaved. In
the pulsed regime, up to 2 microseconds FWHM pulse widths and repetition rates of the order of hundreds of kHz are
generated.
A novel torsion sensor based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is presented. The interferometer is made with a piece of Ytterbium doped photonic crystal fiber (YbDPCF) spliced between two single-mode fibers. The torsion sensitivity obtained is 0.05nm/º in a torsion range from 0° to 360° along with a sensitivity of 0.06dBm/º at specific wavelength. The interference fringes and torsion characteristics have been experimentally investigated and demonstrated. This compact fiber component with acceptable sensing performance makes its a good candidate for the measurement of numerous physical parameters.
We present a numerical analysis of different fiber termination shapes in order to study the maximum numerical aperture that can be obtained in end emitting plastic optical fibers with diameters around 10 mm. Our analysis includes the modeling of polished fibers with parabolic shape, conical lensed fibers, and wedged fibers with different lengths, angles and curvatures respectively. The optimization of these parameters allows us to obtain a maximum possible angle which the light can be emitted at the plastic fiber end. These results contribute to minimize the use of fiber components in luminaire systems which can be based in solar concentrators coupled to plastic optical fibers, and consequently it allows us to reduce their installation cost. We also analyze the light distribution of the emitted light and the optical tolerances of the parameters above mentioned to evaluate the performance of the optimized fiber lens. These results are of great interest for the improvement and design of compact luminaire systems based in optimized plastic fiber lens for indoor illumination.
A new and simple method for measuring the refractive index of liquid substances is presented. In this method, a laser beam impinges transversely on a glass tube (cylindrical cell) filled with the liquid to be measured. The laser beam incident on the cylindrical cell is deviated when it propagates through the wall of the cell and the liquid contained in it. By measuring the deviation of the principal ray of the laser beam when it emerges from the cylindrical cell, we can determine the refractive index of the liquid. To show the feasibility of the method, we measured the refractive index of pure water with a He-Ne laser.
We report the numerical investigation of an Yb-doped fiber amplifier with a taper end in order to be used as a thermal sensor. The spectral fluorescence intensity of the Yb-doped fiber is highly modified when the tapered end is subject to different temperatures from 20 to 150°C, and these changes are more sensitive than that presented in untapered doped fibers. This enhanced temperature response is attributed to the taper effects on the temperature dependence of the crosssections of the pump and signal radiations and additional changes of the numerical aperture of the doped tapered core due to temperature. These results can be extrapolated to other doped fibers and contribute with new information for the development of temperature fiber laser sensors.
The thermal effect of an Yb-doped fiber laser with fattening is numerically investigated. We have identified two principal sources of thermal sensitivity: The temperature dependence of the cross-section of the pump and signal radiations, and modifications of the numerical aperture (NA) due to changes in temperature. We have found that the first factor affects principally the thermal response of the fiber laser with fattening and this sensitivity can be modulated according to the fattening ratio. Additionally this thermal response is higher than that found in doped fibers without fattening. Our results are reproducible and contribute with new information for the development of novel temperature fiber laser sensors
We present an experimental characterization of a fiber laser composed by an Yb-doped fiber spliced with a birrefringent
photonic crystal fiber and a mechanically-induced long-period grating (LPG) into the laser cavity. According to the
torsion properties of the LPG induced in the photonic crystal fiber, the Yb-doped fiber laser can be highly sensitive to
twist and it can shown novel properties in its laser emission. Also, we show the splitting of attenuation bands of a longperiod
fiber grating induced mechanically in different twisted photonic crystal fibers with high birefringence and their
applications on the performance of tunable and switchable multiwavelength double-clad Ytterbium-doped fiber lasers.
This works describes a novel optical refraction index sensor which is based on the analysis of double reflection lecture
detection. This process initially identifies the thickness of a semitransparent solid o liquid material by the retro-reflection
of a laser diode at 633nm as a function of distance along the device under test with a Z-axis scanner to find the focusing
point. This feedback signal brings how far traveled the beam path which is indirectly related with the refractive index at
different materials, the data of the thickness at each layer is treating with a geometrical analysis of the beam velocity.
This paper presents an optical fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer configured as an ultra-sensitive sound detector.
We used a 633nm, 0.5 mW, He-Ne laser, two 3dB couplers, a few meter of telecomm fiber, an U-bench mount to
increase the sensitivity of the device and an acquisition system composed by a photodiode and an amplifier
connected to a laptop and to an oscilloscope. The optoelectronic device enables us to record acoustic signals from
sources at distances longer than 4 meters, converting the interference patterns induced by the sound waves into a
digital signal. The ease of its applicability, thanks to its small size and low weight, and its ultra-sensitivity makes
this laser microphone a very attractive solution to issues such as monitoring, no-detectable sensing and perimeter
protection.
We show an approach to a tunable multi-wavelength fiber laser. The beam bending steel technique has been applied for
our purpose. Variations on the relative distance between the fiber and the steel beam demonstrate alterations on
important laser characteristics like, output power, wavelength shift and wavelength spacing.
This paper presents a 3-Axis enhanced alignment system for optical fiber. The arrangement uses in one of its axis a
vision recognition system which employs Canny edge detector and Phase correlation. The other two-axis are aligned by
controlling a couple stepper motors through displacement algorithms. The setup uses a commercial multimodal
transmitter and receiver, multimode fiber, a digital microscope, three stepping motors and software. This automatic
system takes an alignment time of 20 seconds and up to 70% of coupling power efficiency.
KEYWORDS: Fiber optics, Sensors, Reflectometry, Fiber optics tests, Fiber optics sensors, Signal processing, Time metrology, Precision measurement, Electronics, Control systems
A sensor instrument able to measuring the thickness of different semitransparent objects with a resolution of one micron
is described. This is based on a fiber optic reflectometer and a laser autofocus system and permit to measuring the
thickness of thin surfaces such as semiconductor films, plastic materials and semitransparent objects. The response time
for the measuring was roughly 2 sec and the thickness results were compared with a digital mechanical micrometer and
both are in good agreement.
KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Automatic alignment, Optical alignment, Specialty optical fibers, Signal processing, Signal detection, Control systems, Single mode fibers, Interfaces, Computing systems
This paper presents the development of an automatic alignment system for specialty optical fibers. Based on a XY
coordinates system, the alignment is achieved by the control of stepping motors through displacement algorithms. A
hexagonal shape arrangement of SMF´s fibers generates a map location of the spot light. This photo-detection system
enables to analyze the launching of the beam into the fiber. Through an USB based PC interface and software to
automate the alignment process the device's performance has been improved in time and in optical coupling efficiency.
The results obtained are 2 or 3 seconds in the alignment process and roughly 80% coupling efficiency.
We report on a novel tuning mechanism to fabricate an all-fiber tunable laser based on multimode interference (MMI)
effects. It is well known that the wavelength response of MMI devices exhibits a linear dependence when the length of
the multimode fiber (MMF) section. Therefore, tuning in the MMI filter is achieved using a ferrule (capillary tube of 127
μm diameter) filled with a liquid with a higher refractive index than that of the ferrule, which creates a variable liquid
MMF. This liquid MMF is used to increase the effective length of the MMI filter and tuning takes place. Using this
simple scheme, a tuning range of 30 nm was easily achieved, with very small insertion losses. The filter was tested
within a typical Erbium doped fiber (EDF) ring laser cavity, and a tunable EDF laser covering the full C-band was
demonstrated. The advantage of our laser is of course the simplicity of the tunable MMI filter, which results in an
inexpensive tunable fiber laser.
The Erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) has demonstrated to be the ideal source for optical communications due to its
operating wavelength at 1550 nm. Such wavelength matches with the
low-loss region of silica optical fiber. This fact has
caused that the EDFL has become very important in the telecomm industry. This is particularly important for Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) which demands the use of single emission sources with different emission
wavelengths. In the long run, this increases the capacity of transmission of information without the necessity to increase
the infrastructure, which makes tunable laser sources an important component in DWDM applications. Many techniques
for tuning have been demonstrated in the state of the art and we can mention, for example, the ones using birefringence
plates, bulk gratings, polarization modified elements, fiber Bragg gratings, and very recently the use of multimode
interference (MMI) effects. The MMI consists in the reproduction of single images at periodic intervals along the
propagation direction of a multimode optical fiber, taking into account that these single images come from a single mode
fiber optic.
Here, a compact, tunable, erbium-doped fiber laser is experimentally demonstrated. The mechanism for tuning is based
on the multimode interference self-imagining effect, which results in a tunable range of 12 nm and optical powers of
1mW within the region of 1549.78-1561.79nm.
We report for the first time, a single mode, tunable, double-clad ytterbium-fiber (YDF) laser emitting in a
wavelength range between 976 and 985 nm that operates using the re-imaging effect that occurs in multimode
interference (MMI) devices. The system consists of an YDF with bare fiber cleaved ends. The forward end of this fiber is
fusion spliced to a piece of 3 m of Samarium-doped- single-mode fiber with absorption measured at 980 nm of 0.3 dB/m,
and at 1030 nm of 6 dB/m. The other end of the Sm+3 doped single-mode fiber is spliced to a 16.2 mm long multimode
fiber (MMF) in order to induce the MMI self-imaging effect. From simulations, we found that, at this particular length,
for the MMF, the light exiting will exhibit a maximum transmission for the 980 nm wavelength, while keeping a
minimum for the 1030 nm wavelength. Near to the MMF facet, at a distance between 0 and 100 µm, we place a dichroic
mirror which also helps in the selection of the wavelength emission. We calculated that 10 dB gain generated at 980 nm
is enough to build up a laser since the total round-trip cavity losses are estimated to be 8.8 dB, whereas for the unwanted
1030nm get more than 60dB insertion loss in this setup. At the end, there is more than 1 dB for the effective gain at the
preferred wavelength emission range which is enough to promote lasing at around 980 nm.
An optical pumping device consisting of pigtailed diode lasers and a paraboloidal mirror is presented. The pigtailed diode lasers are mounted on a circular plate in radial position in front of the mirror, and the reflected beams are then launched into a 200-µm-diam undoped silica fiber with silicone cladding, with up to 75% coupling efficiency. The implementation of the device is simple and can be used to scale the power in fiber laser systems.
In this work, we propose a set of photonics devices that can be employed as part of optical communications systems.
These devices consist of an isolator, a circulator, a multiplexer and a pump concentrator, and are based on the
functionality of an optical paraboloidal mirror. The devices were first studied using software for optical modeling and
then were experimentally tested. For the cases of the isolator and the circulator, we obtained numerically roughly 50 dB
of isolation. Furthermore, we proposed a simple and a novel multi channel multiplexing device, and finally, we asses the
alternative and elegant way of the combination of high power multimode diode laser to increase the power capability of
diode laser systems that are commonly used in high power fiber laser. In all the cases, the design showed the advantage
of the easiness of alignment and the simplicity to implement.
A very simple and cost-effective technique for wavelength tuning a fiber laser using multimode interference effects is
demonstrated. The tuning mechanism relies on the self-imaging effect which occurs in multimode waveguides. The
tuning mechanism consists of a section of multimode fiber (MMF) spliced to a single mode fiber (SMF), with a
broadband mirror located at the other end of the MMF. The signal coming out of the SMF will be imaged within the
MMF at a very specific location. Therefore, if the length of the MMF is slightly shorter than this length, the image will
be formed in free space. By placing the mirror at this position, the light is reflected back through the MMF and SMF.
Since the self-imaging is wavelength dependent, the position of the re-imaging point will depend on the wavelength, and
the laser wavelength can then be tuned by varying the distance between the MMF facet and the broadband mirror. To
obtain a stable system and easy to align mechanism an integrated fiber gripper was fabricated on silicon wafer. This
novel tuning device was incorporated into a double-clad Ytterbium-doped fiber laser (DCYDF), and the tuning
characteristics were evaluated by varying the distance between the broadband mirror and the output facet of the MMF.
The mirror was moved in 25 microns steps, and the optical power and spectrum measured at every step. A tunability of
12.24 nm was measured with this implementation, and the laser system was shown to be very robust and highly stable.
We believe that further improvement in our system will lead to a wider tuning range.
A birefringence compensation method for a mechanically induced tunable long period holey fiber grating is proposed.
With this method the tunable long period holey fiber grating becomes polarization-insensitive. A device with such
characteristics is desirable in applications where filter tunability is used to reject (or simply attenuate) non desired optical
bands. Characterizations with polarized and nonpolarized light are presented and the potential applications are discussed
as well.
We present a novel approach for the combination of high power multimode diode lasers. The design considered to ensemble several pigtail multimode diode lasers in a radial position on a circular thin disk (the lid) which has a hole-concentrator at the center point. The reflect mirror which is in charge of concentrating the beams at one point and overlapping them without mutual spatial interference is a paraboloidal mirror which is sprayed by a silver thin reflectance film and it is physically covered by the lid. We simulate this device by using commercial software for optical design and we will show the complete analysis of the ray traces as well as the coupling efficiency of the system.
We propose a robust, multi-mode interferometer-based, 2x2 photonic switch, which demonstrates high tolerance to typical fabrication errors and material non-uniformity. This tolerance margin is dependent upon the properties inherent to the MMI design and benefits from the high symmetry of the switch. The key design parameter of the device is to form a pair of well defined self-images from the injected light in the exact center of the switch. In allowing the index modulated regions to precisely overlap these positions, and by creating identical contact features there, any refractive index change induced in the material due to electrical isolation will be duplicated in both self-images. Since the phase relation will remain unchanged between the images, the off-state output will be unaltered. Similarly, offset and dimension errors are reflected symmetrically onto both self-images and, as a result, do not seriously impact the imaging. We investigate the characteristics of the switch under different scenarios using the finite difference beam propagation method. Crosstalk levels better than -20 dB are achievable over a wavelength range of 100 nm when utilizing this configuration. Polarization independence is maintained during device operation.
We present a fast and efficient numerical model for Yb3+-doped fiber lasers based on shooting method. The algorithm is based on the assumption of a starting value for the slope efficiency and the evaluation of the pump power threshold. The starting value of slope efficiency is related to initial conditions through the boundary conditions, and it is subsequently optimized by iteration. The method ensures a fast and efficient convergence of the solution of the coupled first-order differential equations that describes the evolution of pump and signal powers in a Yb3+-doped fiber laser. The results of the numerical solution are compared with experimental and published data giving a good agreement.
We present all-fiber double-clad Yb3+-doped fiber laser capable to switch between three different wavelengths. The fiber laser device consists of an array of three fiber Bragg gratings at 1064, 1080, and 1096 nm, spliced to one end of the double-clad Ytterbium-doped fiber, thus forming three laser cavities that share the same gain medium. The selection of a specific wavelength is realized by induced bend loss in the sections between gratings, thus allowing the control of the feedback at each specific wavelength. The device can operate separately at 1064, 1084 and at 1096 nm, with slope efficiencies at these three wavelengths of the order of 48% with respect to the launched pump power.
The study of nonlinear photonics crystals is quite complex and cumbersome, because of their inherent architectural complexity and, in addition, because of the nonlinearity that couples propagating and counterpropagating waves. However, they are quite attractive because of their potential capabilities, and that has lead to use different approximated methods. In a one dimensional stack, it has been successfully demonstrated that they show switching, bistability and chirping as nonlinear characteristics. Band gap solitons are a well established feature of the coupled wave equations. We have extended a method that have previously shown its success for a stack with a Kerr nonlinearity, to a much more complex structure such as an omniguide fiber, as part of our suggestion that such method could be applied to numerical or analytical methods as long as the linear solution were available. Such a restriction, hinder our ability of
getting analytical solution beyond their enabling approximations, however, it is completely adequate for the purpose of to develop devices. A comparative numerical analysis of a one dimensional photonic crystal and an omniguide fiber, made of a dielectric
and stratified linear and nonlinear media, has been carried out. They were considered as multilayer arrangements with a finite numbers of periods: linear-linear, nonlinear-linear and nonlinear- nonlinear in order to study and isolate those features. Finally, a comparison of multilayer systems with variations in the diffraction indexes profiles is presented.
An analysis of out-coupling in a laser shows an optimum way of subtracting more output power by choosing an appropriate cavity arrangement from a high-power fiber laser. This investigation consisted in resolving analytically the effect of different cavities in our laser system and one thing that outcome was to know that a fiber laser can operate with high efficiency even with high losses in one end of the cavity (e.g. at an external diffraction grating), only if the feedback in the out-coupling end is low. Moreover, it was also found that is possible to improve the output power by reducing the feedback in the out-coupling end. Parameters considered in this resolved method are 0.1 NA, 10 μm diameter core, 200 μm inner-cladding diameter and 10 dB small-signal absorption. The fiber laser was doped with ytterbium and lases at 1080 nm, when pumped at 915 hm. The maximum pump power was set to 10 W.
We report on a new type of cladding-pumped neodymium-doped fiber which enables strong ASE emission at the wavelength region of 940 nm with a highly reduced emission in the four-level transition at 1060 nm when is pumped by an 806 nm source. This ASE source delivers a total emission power of 60 mW from 500 mW of absorbed pump power. The arrangement setup consisted in a pump diode emitting at 806 nm with a total output power of 1.5 W, a collimated and focused lenses and a dichroic mirror. The broadband of the neodymium source was measured to be 25 nm. Moreover, a numerical simulation for the ASE source is also discussed.
A novel design in the inner cladding of a cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped fiber is presented. The fiber includes a modification of the inner cladding by the insertion of four D-shaped holes distributed around the core in a square configuration. This novel fiber structure makes the device efficient in absorbing the pump power while keeping the overall circular structure. As a result, up to 5 W of single mode at 1095 nm from a 7 W of absorbed pump power was achieved; the slope efficiency was 60% wrt. launched pump power and the beam quality was measured to be 1.2 implying that our laser has a diffraction limited output beam.
We propose a new structure for an integrated variable optical attenuator using InGaAsP multiple quantum wells. The principle of operation relies on the self-imaging properties of multimode interference (MMI) waveguides. The device consists of a MMI region that is 12 μm wide by 350 μm long, with input and output waveguides that are 2 μm wide. The dimensions of the MMI are calculated such that an image of the input field is produced at the output waveguide. The last statement is true as long as the phase relation between the modes in the MMI section is kept constant. Therefore, by selectively perturbing the refractive index within the MMI section, the phase relation of the modes is altered, thereby modifying the interference properties at the output of the device. We present numerical simulations using the Finite-Difference Beam Propagation Method (FD-BPM), and demonstrate that optical attenuation is possible by selectively modulating the refractive index of a narrow region within the MMI section. A dynamic range of -37 dB can be easily obtained at a wavelength of 1.55 μm with a device insertion loss of 0.3 dB. The effects of electro-absorption on the device performance are also investigated.
In this work, the deposit technique of amorphous films for production of optical waveguides is presented, as well as the characterization of these waveguides. The basic theory is also presented for propagation of light in waveguides.
We provide an analysis of a data beam fitting method of N data points on a circular pupil that corresponds to its
best rms fit that uses an orthogonal vectorial basis of the N data points. The solutions of many physical problems often result on finding specific solutions of basic functions Fnl(ρ,θ) with polar symmetries that also can be easily treated numerically. Unfortunately, in some other cases, the analytical
solution loss its orthogonality by the experimental data discretization, therefore become inadequate for a best rms fit
data. On the other hand, by introducing the Schmidt orthogonalization, we can get the best rms fit for the solution in the coefficients of the expansion and in Fnl(ρ,θ). In these cases, where the Fnl(ρ,θ) has a cumbersome convergence, we develop the rms fit based on Zernike like Polynomials and establish the proper transformation. We illustrate in more detail the method by developing a beam analyzer as an application.
We assess different power limits of cladding-pumped fiber lasers. Despite recent advances in pump sources, these are still primarily limited by available pump power. We find that it should be possible to reach output powers beyond 1 kW in single-mode ytterbium doped fiber lasers. Experimentally, we have realized an ytterbium-doped fiber laser with 272 W of output power at 1080 nm, with an M2-value of 3.2, as well as an erbium-ytterbium co-doped fiber laser with 103 W of output power at 1565 nm, with an M2-value of 2.0. We believe these are the highest-power ytterbium and erbium-ytterbium fiber lasers ever reported.
Recent developments in the construction of Erbium-doped fibers have seen parallel progress in the measurement techniques to characterize these fibers. In this paper, we discuss a simple method of obtaining threshold power amplification of Erbium-doped fibers. The method can be used to measure the threshold power of this particular fiber. As a result, the predicted threshold power value is in very good agreement with the experimental results obtained. We have based our measurements of the amplified spontaneous emission on both the forward and the backward directions of the fiber axis. We also report on other parameters such as Erbium doping concentration, the spectrum of absorption, and cross sections, with the objective of obtaining data for comparison of predicted threshold amplification with actual threshold amplification, when the Erbium-doped fibers are used in laser systems.
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