This work quantitatively evaluates the effects induced by susceptibility characteristics of materials commonly used in dental practice on the quality of head MR images in a clinical 1.5T device. The proposed evaluation procedure measures the image artifacts induced by susceptibility in MR images by providing an index consistent with the global degradation as perceived by the experts. Susceptibility artifacts were evaluated in a near-clinical setup, using a phantom with susceptibility and geometric characteristics similar to that of a human head. We tested different dentist materials, called PAL Keramit, Ti6Al4V-ELI, Keramit NP, ILOR F, Zirconia and used different clinical MR acquisition sequences, such as “classical” SE and fast, gradient, and diffusion sequences. The evaluation is designed as a matching process between reference and artifacts affected images recording the same scene. The extent of the degradation induced by susceptibility is then measured in terms of similarity with the corresponding reference image. The matching process involves a multimodal registration task and the use an adequate similarity index psychophysically validated, based on correlation coefficient. The proposed analyses are integrated within a computer-supported procedure that interactively guides the users in the different phases of the evaluation method. 2-Dimensional and 3-dimensional indexes are used for each material and each acquisition sequence. From these, we drew a ranking of the materials, averaging the results obtained. Zirconia and ILOR F appear to be the best choice from the susceptibility artefacts point of view, followed, in order, by PAL Keramit, Ti6Al4V-ELI and Keramit NP.
Performance comparison of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) software tools is a very difficult task. In
this paper, a framework for comparison of fMRI analysis results obtained with different software packages is proposed.
An objective evaluation is possible only after pre-processing steps that normalize input data in a standard domain.
Segmentation and registration algorithms are implemented in order to classify voxels belonging to brain or not, and to
find the non rigid transformation that best aligns the volume under inspection with a standard one. Through the
definitions of intersection and union of fuzzy logic an index was defined which quantify information overlap between
Statistical Parametrical Maps (SPMs). Direct comparison between fMRI results can only highlight differences. In order
to assess the best result, an index that represents the goodness of the activation detection is required. The transformation
of the activation map in a standard domain allows the use of a functional Atlas for labeling the active voxels. For each
functional area the Activation Weighted Index (AWI) that identifies the mean activation level of whole area was defined.
By means of this brief, but comprehensive description, it is easy to find a metric for the objective evaluation of a fMRI
analysis tools. Trough the first evaluation method the situations where the SPMs are inconsistent were identified. The
result of AWI analysis suggest which tool has higher sensitivity and specificity. The proposed method seems a valid
evaluation tool when applied to an adequate number of patients.
Aim of this work was to identify proper figures of merit (FoM's) to quantitatively and objectively assess the whole
acquisition process of a CT image and to evaluate which are more significant.
Catphan® phantom images where acquired with a 64 slices computed tomography system, with head and abdomen
protocols. Automatic exposure modulation system was on, with different settings.
We defined three FoM's (Q, Q1 and Q2) including image quality parameters and acquisition modalities; two of them (Q
and Q1) include also a radiation dose quantity, the third (Q2) does not. Then we drew from these the comparable FoM's
(CNR, Q1
*, Q2), that do not have dose in their definitions, in order to investigate how they depend on perceived image
quality.
The FoM's were evaluated for each series. At the same time, expert observers evaluated the number of low contrast
inserts seen in the phantom' images.
The considered CNR, Q1*, Q2 FoM's are linearly related to the perceived image quality for both the acquisition protocols
(head: r2=0.91;0.94;0.91; abdomen: r2=0.93;0.93;0.85).
Q and Q1 values analysis shows that these FoM's can distinguish between different acquisition modalities (head or
abdomen) with statistically significant difference (p<0.05).
The studied FoM's can be usefully used to quantitatively and objectively assess the whole CT image acquisition process.
Those FoM's including also radiation dose (Q, Q1) can be used to objectively quantify the equilibrium between image
quality and radiation dose for a certain acquisition modality.
KEYWORDS: Digital breast tomosynthesis, Digital mammography, Signal to noise ratio, Breast, Sensors, Image analysis, Interference (communication), Cancer, Oncology, Image quality
To evaluate performance (image signal to noise ratio) of a digital mammographic system working in 2D planar versus tomosynthesis modality, a contrast detail phantom was developed embedding 1 cm plexyglas, including 49 holes of different diameter and depth, between two layers containing a breast simulating material. The acquisition protocol included 15 low dose projections (reconstructed 1mm-thick slices) and a 2D view.
Using an automatic software analysis tool, the signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) was evaluated.
SDNR in the DBT images was about a factor two higher than with FFDM (P<1E-4). A more complete visual detection experiment is underway.
Aim of this work is to compare the performances of a Xoran Technologies i-CAT Cone Beam CT for dental applications with those of a standard total body multislice CT (Toshiba Aquilion 64 multislice) used for dental examinations. Image quality and doses to patients have been compared for the three main i-CAT protocols, the Toshiba standard protocol and a Toshiba modified protocol. Images of two phantoms have been acquired: a standard CT quality control phantom and an Alderson Rando® anthropomorphic phantom. Image noise, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) and geometric accuracy have been considered. Clinical image quality was assessed. Effective dose and doses to main head and neck organs were evaluated by means of thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) placed in the anthropomorphic phantom. A Quality Index (QI), defined as the ratio of squared CNR to effective dose, has been evaluated. The evaluated effective doses range from 0.06 mSv (i-CAT 10 s protocol) to 2.37 mSv (Toshiba standard protocol). The Toshiba modified protocol (halved tube current, higher pitch value) imparts lower effective dose (0.99 mSv). The conventional CT device provides lower image noise and better SNR, but clinical effectiveness similar to that of dedicated dental CT (comparable CNR and clinical judgment). Consequently, QI values are much higher for this second CT scanner. No geometric distortion has been observed with both devices. As a conclusion, dental volumetric CT supplies adequate image quality to clinical purposes, at doses that are really lower than those imparted by a conventional CT device.
Dose and image quality assessment in computed tomography (CT) are almost affected by the vast variety of CT scanners (axial CT, spiral CT, low-multislice CT (2-16), high-multislice CT (32-64)) and imaging protocols in use. Very poor information is at the moment available on 64 slices CT scanners. Aim of this work is to assess image quality related to patient dose indexes and to investigate the achievable dose reduction for a commercially available 64 slices CT scanner. CT dose indexes (weighted computed tomography dose index, CTDIw and Dose Length Product, DLP) were measured with a standard CT phantom for the main protocols in use (head, chest, abdomen and pelvis) and compared with the values displayed by the scanner itself. The differences were always below 7%. All the indexes were below the Diagnostic Reference Levels defined by the European Council Directive 97/42. Effective doses were measured for each protocol with thermoluminescent dosimeters inserted in an anthropomorphic Alderson Rando phantom and compared with the same values computed by the ImPACT CT Patient Dosimetry Calculator software code and corrected by a factor taking in account the number of slices (from 16 to 64). The differences were always below 25%. The effective doses range from 1.5 mSv (head) to 21.8 mSv (abdomen). The dose reduction system of the scanner was assessed comparing the effective dose measured for a standard phantom-man (a cylinder phantom, 32 cm in diameter) to the mean dose evaluated on 46 patients. The standard phantom was considered as no dose reduction reference. The dose reduction factor range from 16% to 78% (mean of 46%) for all protocols, from 29% to 78% (mean of 55%) for chest protocol, from 16% to 76% (mean of 42%) for abdomen protocol. The possibility of a further dose reduction was investigated measuring image quality (spatial resolution, contrast and noise) as a function of CTDIw. This curve shows a quite flat trend decreasing the dose approximately to 90% and a sharp fall below that value. A significant decrease in the effective dose to the patient, around 40%, was found; image quality analysis shows a further 10% dose reduction possibility.
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