Edible oil forgery is a prominent issue of food production bussiness. In order to lower the production cost and increase the apparent value, some cheap substance is added on the edible oil production and it was mislabelled. Current techniques are able to differentiate each type of edible oils based on its physical characteristics. However, they need special treatment of samples and costly. In this paper, the optical characteristic of absorption of animal-based and plantbased oils are investigated to obtain fingerprints on UV-visible-near infrared wavelength region. Either animal-based or plant-based oils have absorption on wavelength region of 900 – 940 nm. However, each type of oils has unique absorption characteristics on wavelength region of 350 – 700 nm. Hence, the UV-visible region can be used as the marker of each type of edible oils.
Fruit consumption rate of Indonesian population is still far below the level of sufficiency of fruits consumption recommended by the Food Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization (FAO / WHO). Maintaining the quality of fruit is expected to maintain stability in the fulfillment of national fruit needs. Early detection to determine the growth rate can be seen from the level of greenery or chlorophyll content during the growth period. So we need a method to measure the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves by using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy which is non destructive. This technique does not require complicated sample preparation as in the determination of chlorophyll content through Absorption Spectroscopy. Tissue model of leaf (phantom) is made of gelatin with known chlorophyll content variation, used as a preliminary stage for testing Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy technique. Determination of chlorophyll content by Absorption Spectroscopy technique will be used as a comparison. To determine the value of optical parameters (absorption coefficient μa and reduced scattering coefficient μs'), obtained from fitting between the measured reflectance spectra of phantom and the reflectance model of leaves. Chlorophyll content determined from correlation equation y = 0,944 x + 5,0069 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0,9422 for mango leaves, y = 0,5759 x + 5,6772 with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9945 for starfruit leaves, y = 0,1168 x + 3,7704 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9789 for guava leaves.
Chlorophyll is a main biochemistry component for photosynthesis and a health indicator for plant. Chlorophyll concentration can be measured by non-destructive and non-contact method using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy. Phantom consist of intralipid, aquades, gelatin and chlorophyll. Chlorophyll with certain concentration that known by absorption technique is used to be a primary stage for DRS. Non linear least square data fitting using diffuse reflectance mathematical model is used to determine parameters from phantom. The value of parameters is used for chlorophyll concentration measurement and will be compared with the chlorophyll concentration from absorption technique. When the system have been quantified well, the system will be used for chlorophyll concentration measurement for leaves without a complicated sample preparation such as absorption technique. Phantom reflectance spectroscopy has been tested and has a similar spectrum shape with leave's reflectance. Chlorophyll concentration measurement has been tested from three species of vegetables with three variation concentration and got error value for mustard, spinach and kale respectively 3%-10% ; 2.5%-10% and 16%-31%.
Electric current measurement has become an important aspect in electric current quality monitoring. In the development of electric technologies, electrical system needs new current measurement technology with high sensitivity and resolution. In this study, an optical fiber current sensor has been developed using SMS fiber structure and ferrofluid for an alternating current measurement. This optical fiber current sensor works with the change of refractive index of ferrofluid. Ferrofluid is colloidal suspension that is made from Fe3O4 nanoparticle and surfactant (oleic acid, citric acid, etc). The refractive index of ferrofluid will change due to the magnetic field that affects ferrofluid. The experiment was done by measuring the change of output power of optical fiber current sensor using Optical Power Meter due to current flow in the wire. The alternating current range used in this study is 0-10A. The results show that the SMS fiber current sensor has a sensitivity of 3.049dB/A in the range 2-7A, 95% of precision rate and a resolution of 0.037A.
Palm oil is one of common consumed raw food and found adulterated with another materials such as lard. Palm oil adulteration can cause some problems in norms and health. Some methods have been developed in detect lard mixing in foods such as spectroscopy based methods, including infrared spectroscopy and some methods which is complex, expensive, and need of experts. In other side, plastic optical fiber with u-shaped configuration has been developed as biosensors. Through utilization of evanescent field and effect of the change in refractive index to the transmitted power, it has been design a sensor based on plastic optical fiber to detect lard adulteration in palm oil. Experiments show that the most optimal sensor design based on plastic optical fiber with u-shaped configuration is sensor with Infrared LED as light source, 50 mm curvature radius of bend, dan 2 cm length of peeled cladding. From the experiments, sensitivity of the sensor is 0.15630352 μW / % lard concentration.
Olive oil is one of the oil product that is most adulterated by cheap substance such as grease, tallow, and lard. In the other hand, tapered POF is widely used for many sensing applications, particularly for chemical and biosensor. In this paper, the spectroscopy-based tapered POF for detecting lard adulteration in olive oil was investigated experimentally. The taper length and taper waist diameter were varied to evaluate the spectra characteristic of the tapered POF. The samples were made of olive oil adulterated by lard with the concentration of 0 – 5%. The result showed that the changes in taper geometry led the changes in some peaks. The new peaks were introduced at the wavelength of 650, 745, and 930 nm. However, the change of the samples caused the wavelength shifting at the range of 920 – 930 nm. As the lard concentration in olive oil increased, the intensity at the wavelength of 930 nm decreased. Hence, the wavelength of 930 nm is potential to be utilized in intesity-based tapered POF for detecting lard adulteration.
Alcohol is volatile and flammable liquid which is soluble substances both on polar and non polar substances that has been used in some industrial sectors. Alcohol detection method now widely used one of them is the optical fiber sensor. In this paper used fiber optic sensor based on Multimode-Single-mode-Multimode (MSM) to detect alcohol solution at a concentration range of 0-3%. The working principle of sensor utilizes the modal interference between the core modes and the cladding modes, thus make the sensor sensitive to environmental changes. The result showed that characteristic of the sensor not affect the length of the single-mode fiber (SMF). We obtain that the sensor with a length of 5 mm of single-mode can sensing the alcohol with a sensitivity of 0.107 dB/v%.
A sensor based on a fiber optic hetero-structure to determine the concentration of alcohol has been proposed. The structure of the sensing probe in this research is a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) which bent into Ushaped and soon called as SMS u-bent. The SMS structure was chosen to get a higher sensitivity. This research utilizes the principle of multimode interference and evanescent field by modifying the cladding with various alcohol concentration. Testing of the sensor’s performance has been done by measuring the sensor’s power output response to the length of the SMS fiber optic, bending diameter, and alcohol concentration. Based on the experiment result, the ubent SMS fiber optic with 50 mm bending diameter and 63 mm MMF lenght has the highest sensitivity, 3.87 dB/% and the minimum resolution, 0.26 x 10-3 %.
Crude oil is a products of oil and gas industries. One of the parameters which has in crude oil is specific gravity. In the oil and gas industries, specific gravity is used to classify crude oil which to be produced. specific gravity can be measured using ASTM D-1298 method. Disadvantage of this method is there are need of special environments and still using manual transcription. This research has been conducted a crude oil specific gravity sensor design by implementing structural imperfect to improve the performance of specific gravity sensors. In this research, polymer optical fiber is used as a sensor to measure specific gravity of crude oil. There are three variation of the amount of defect that were used in this research. Sample which used in this research has span of specific gravity value from 0,842218 to 0,9097. Based on the result, sensor with 3 imperfect structure have the best performance with linearity coefficient value 0,9438 and the span of measurement is 1,75792 dBm.
Alcohol sensor based on Single-mode -Multimode-Single-mode (SMS) fiber structure is being proposed to sense alcohol concentration in alcohol-water mixtures. This proposed sensor uses refractive index sensing as its sensing principle. Fabricated SMS fiber structure had 40 m of multimode length. With power input -6 dBm and wavelength 1550 nm, the proposed sensor showed good response with sensitivity 1,983 dB per % v/v with measurement range 05 % v/v and measurement span 0,5% v/v.
Modelling of load effect on macro-bend losses for a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure with small bend radius is presented. Load effect on macro-bend losses for the SMS fiber structure placed between two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) boards are investigated theoretically and experimentally. A model on macro-bend losses for SMS fiber structure is constructed by using the light transmission formula in a straight SMS fiber structure and taking into account the effective number of guided modes due to the macrobending. In the experimental, a mandrel with a diameter of 0.8 mm is used to induce the bend. When the loads are applied on the system, the mandrel will affect the bend losses for the SMS fiber structure. It is shown numerically and experimentally that the bend-loss of SMS fiber structure strongly depends on the applied loads and the multimode fiber (MMF) lengths.
KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Structured optical fibers, Temperature sensors, Single mode fibers, Multimode fibers, Sensors, Refractive index, Fiber Bragg gratings, Photonics, Process control
Temperature sensing based on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure with a graded index
multimode fiber (GI-MMF) type using an intensity-based interrogation has been investigated numerically and
experimentally. The effect of temperature on the SMS fiber structure with the MMF-GI type was modeled using a modal
propagation analysis (MPA). The SMS fiber structures for temperature sensor was fabricated and tested with the MMF
length of 57 mm. It is demonstrated experimentally, and supported with numerical results, that the sensor showed a
sensitivity of 0.063 dB/°C with a temperature measurement range of 175-325°C. This sensor offers simple configuration
and low cost of fabrication for the temperature measurement applications.
In this paper, a load effect on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure embedded in a high-density
polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated numerically and experimentally. It was modelled that the applied load induces a
longitudinal strain on the HDPE and accordingly affects the SMS fiber structure’s parameters. It was calculated the
output power of the SMS fiber structure using a graded index multimode fiber (MMF) due to the applied strain from 0 to
4000 N. The experimental result shows that for the MMF length of 105 mm, the output power has monotonically
increasing for an applied load range from 1700 to 4000 N with a sensitivity of 1.18 x 10-3 dBm/N. This configuration of
SMS fiber structure embedded in the HDPE is potential for a load sensor.
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