This article theoretically and experimentally studies deterministic and stochastic piezoelectric energy harvesting
using a multilayer stack configuration for civil infrastructure system applications that involve large compressive
loads, such as vehicular and foot loads acting upon pavements. Modeling of vibrational energy harvesters has been
mostly focused on deterministic forms of mechanical excitation as in the typical case of harmonic excitation. In this
paper, we present analytical and numerical modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesting from harmonic and random
vibrations of multilayer piezoelectric stacks under axial compressive loading. The analytical electromechanical
solution is based on the power spectral density (PSD) of random excitation and the voltage – to – pressure input
frequency response function (FRF) of the harvester. The first one of the two numerical solution methods employs
the Fourier series representation of the vibrational excitation history to solve the resulting ordinary differential
equation (ODE), while the second method uses an Euler-Maruyama scheme to directly solve the governing
electromechanical stochastic differential equation (SDE). The electromechanical model is validated through several
experiments for a multilayer PZT-5H stack under harmonic and random excitations. The analytical predictions and
numerical simulations exhibit very good agreement with the experimental measurements for a range of resistive
loads and input excitation levels.
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