Dr. Suzanne Romaine Profile

Dr. Suzanne Romaine

Physicist at Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr for Astrophysics

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (65)

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Poster + Paper

Design, fabrication, and testing of Wolter-I x-ray optic for Swift Solar Activity X-ray Imager (SSAXI-Rocket)

Jaesub Hong, Suzanne Romaine, Ricardo Bruni, Charles Davis, Nicholas Thomas, Sophia Sánchez-Maes, David Caldwell, Elias Aguirre-Contreras, Ed Hertz, Chet Speegle, Christopher Moore

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309355 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020233

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, Optical alignment, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Mirrors, Point spread functions, Nickel, Fabrication, Design, Solar processes

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Poster + Paper

Goals of the Swift Solar Activity X-ray Imager (SSAXI-Rocket) rocket experiment

Christopher Moore, Jae Sub Hong, Johnny Ho, Sophia Sánchez-Maes, Elias Aguirre-Contreras, Isaac Anderson, Carl Barcroft, Juliana Barstow, Ricardo Bruni, David Caldwell, Brendan D'Aquino, Gabriel Dubinsky, Thomas Gauron, Leon Golub, Laura Hayes, Ed Hertz, Andrew Inglis, Almus Kenter, Adam Kobelski, Rachel Nere, Ritesh Pandohie, Jeffrey Reep, Suzanne Romaine, Sabrina Savage, Crisel Suarez, Zachary Svec, David Theroux, Nicholas Thomas, Amy Winebarger

Proceedings Volume 13093, 1309372 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3018215

KEYWORDS: Solar processes, Rockets, X-rays, Equipment, X-ray imaging, CMOS sensors, X-ray optics, Solar radiation models, X-ray detectors, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2024 Paper

Instrument overview of the Swift Solar Activity X-ray Imager (SSAXI-Rocket)

Christopher Moore, Sophia Sánchez-Maes, Jae Sub Hong, Johnny Ho, Elias Aguirre Contreras, Isaac Anderson, David Caldwell, Gabriel Dubinsky, Tom Gauron, Edward Hertz, Almus Kenter, Kenneth McCracken, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 13093, 130937G (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3020753

KEYWORDS: Cameras, CMOS sensors, Equipment, Imaging systems, Solar processes, Tunable filters, Telescopes, Rockets, X-rays, Aluminum

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2023 Presentation

Development of replicated Wolter x-ray optics for SmallSats

Suzanne Romaine, Ricardo Bruni, Jae Sub Hong

Proceedings Volume 12679, 126790E (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678228

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, Nickel

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2022 Presentation + Paper

Multilayer coating design methods for a high-energy x-ray imaging optic with complex design requirements

Chris Walton, Bernard Kozioziemski, Jeffrey Fein, Suzanne Romaine, Julia Vogel

Proceedings Volume 12240, 1224005 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2633400

KEYWORDS: Coating, Reflectivity, Multilayers, X-ray optics, X-ray imaging, Plasmas, Optical design, Fusion energy, X-rays, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

VOXI: Versatile Optics for X-ray Imaging

Suzanne Romaine, Jae Sub Hong, Martin Elvis

Proceedings Volume 12181, 1218113 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630660

KEYWORDS: X-ray optics, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Multilayers, Physics, Coating, Astrophysics, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Ceramics

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Dopamine dip-liquid overcoatings for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement

Vincenzo Cotroneo, Giacomo Rivolta, Marcos Bavdaz, Ricardo Bruni, Marta Civitani, Thorsten Döhring, Ivo Ferreira, Eugenio Gibertini, Angelo Giglia, Christian Gollwitzer, Simone Iovenitti, Michael Krumney, Luca Magagnin, Nicola Mahne, Stefano Nannarone, Giovanni Pareschi, Suzanne Romaine, Leandra Sethares, Brian Shortt, Dieter Skroblin, Giorgia Sironi, Daniele Spiga, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giuseppe Valsecchi

Proceedings Volume 12181, 1218117 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630212

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Chromium, X-rays, Mirrors, Optical coatings, Iridium, Gold, Data modeling, Deposition processes, X-ray telescopes, Sputter deposition, Polymer thin films, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Opto-mechanical design of the ESCAPE Small Explorer: an EUV spectrograph for exoplanet host star irradiance and CME activity

Brian Fleming, Kevin France, Timothy Hellickson, Tom Patton, Bryce Unruh, Nicholas Kruczek, David McKenzie, Patrick Champey, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, Suzanne Romaine, Randall McEntaffer, Fabien Grisé, Drew Miles, Oswald Siegmund, Jason McPhate, James Green, Matthew Beasley

Proceedings Volume 11821, 1182104 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2593732

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Extreme ultraviolet, Sensors, Mirrors, Grazing incidence, Spectrographs, Reflectivity, Microchannel plates, Zirconium, Stars, Exoplanets

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Proceedings Article | 2 August 2021 Poster

Evaluating the projected performance of Wolter-I X-ray telescope designs for SmallSats

Leandra Sethares, Suzanne Romaine, Jae Sub Hong, Kiranmayee Kilaru

Proceedings Volume 11822, 118221C (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594195

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Optical instrument design, X-ray optics, Optical design, Jupiter, Exosphere

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Proceedings Article | 11 June 2021 Open Access

Development of low-density coatings for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement for ATHENA and other missions

Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ricardo Bruni, Thorsten Döhring, Desiree Ferreira, Eugenio Gibertini, Peter Henriksen, Luca Magagnin, Sonny Massahi, Giovanni Pareschi, Suzanne Romaine, Leandra Sethares, Giorgia Sironi, Daniele Spiga, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giuseppe Valsecchi

Proceedings Volume 11852, 118524P (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599803

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2019 Paper

Evaluating the projected performance of Wolter-I x-ray telescope designs for SmallSats

L. Sethares, V. Cotroneo, J. Hong, V. Kashyap, S. Romaine

Proceedings Volume 11119, 111191Q (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531526

KEYWORDS: Optical instrument design, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics, Optical design, Telescopes, Astrophysics, Optical coatings, Space operations, Geometrical optics

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

SmallSat solar axion and activity x-ray imager (SSAXI)

Jaesub Hong, Suzanne Romaine, Almus Kenter, Christopher Moore, Katharine Reeves, Brian Ramsey, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Julia Vogel, Jaime Ruz Armendariz, Hugh Hudson, Kerstin Perez

Proceedings Volume 11118, 1111810 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529781

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Solar energy, X-ray imaging, Quantum chromodynamics, Solar processes, CMOS sensors, Sensors, X-ray telescopes, Particles, Aluminium phosphide

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

SEEJ: SmallSat Exosphere Explorer of hot Jupiters

Scott Wolk, JaeSub Hong, Suzanne Romaine, Katja Poppenhaeger, Almus Kenter, Althea Moorhead, Dennis Gallagher, Christopher Moore, Martin Elvis, Ralph Kraft, Jeremy Drake, Vinay Kashyap, Elaine Winston, Bradford Wargelin, Ignazio Pillitteri, Diab Jerius, Mark Stahl, Bruce Wiegmann, Christopher Loghry

Proceedings Volume 11118, 111180E (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529380

KEYWORDS: Jupiter, Stars, Planets, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Exoplanets, Atmospheric sciences, Magnetism, Atmospheric optics, Atmospheric sensing

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The first detected exoplanets found were "hot Jupiters"; these are large Jupiter-like planets in close orbits with their host star. The stars in these so-called "hot Jupiter systems" can have significant X-ray emission and the X-ray flux likely changes the evolution of the overall star-planetary system in at least two ways: (1) the intense high energy flux alters the structure of the upper atmosphere of the planet - in some cases leading to significant mass loss; (2) the angular momentum and magnetic field of the planet induces even more activity on the star, enhancing its X-rays, which are then subsequently absorbed by the planet. If the alignment of the systems is appropriate, the planet will transit the host star. The resulting drop in flux from the star allows us to measure the distribution of the low-density planetary atmosphere. We describe a science mission concept for a SmallSat Exosphere Explorer of hot Jupiters (SEEJ; pronounced "siege"). SEEJ will monitor the X-ray emission of nearby X-ray bright stars with transiting hot Jupiters in order to measure the lowest density portion of exoplanet atmospheres and the coronae of the exoplanet hosts. SEEJ will use revolutionary Miniature X-ray Optics (MiXO) and CMOS X-ray detectors to obtain sufficient collecting area and high sensitivity in a low mass, small volume and low-cost package. SEEJ will observe scores of transits occurring on select systems to make detailed measurements of the transit depth and shape which can be compared to out-of-transit behavior of the target system. The depth and duration of the flux change will allow us to characterize the exospheres of multiple hot Jupiters in a single year. In addition, the long baselines (covering multiple stellar rotation periods) from the transit data will allow us to characterize the temperature, flux and flare rates of the exoplanet hosts at an unprecedented level. This, in turn, will provide valuable constraints for models of atmospheric loss. In this contribution we outline the science of SEEJ and focus on the enabling technologies Miniature X-ray Optics and CMOS X-ray detectors.

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

The extreme-ultraviolet stellar characterization for atmospheric physics and evolution (ESCAPE) mission concept

Kevin France, Brian Fleming, Jeremy Drake, James Mason, Allison Youngblood, Vincent Bourrier, Luca Fossati, Cynthia Froning, Tommi Koskinen, Nicholas Kruczek, Sarah Lipscy, Randall McEntaffer, Suzanne Romaine, Oswald H. Siegmund, Erik Wilkinson

Proceedings Volume 11118, 1111808 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2526859

KEYWORDS: Extreme ultraviolet, Stars, Planets, Space operations, Telescopes, Sensors, Diffraction gratings, Photons, Atmospheric physics

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Proceedings Article | 20 November 2017 Open Access

Design and development of the multilayer optics for the new hard x-ray mission

G. Pareschi, S. Basso, O. Citterio, D. Spiga, G. Tagliaferri, M. Civitani, L. Raimondi, G. Sironi, V. Cotroneo, B. Negri, Giancarlo Parodi, F. Martelli, G. Borghi, A. Orlandi, D. Vernani, G. Valsecchi, R. Binda, S. Romaine, P. Gorenstein, P. Attinà

Proceedings Volume 10565, 105652O (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2309163

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Astronomical imaging, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Coating, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

Characterization of multilayer coated replicated Wolter optics for imaging x-ray emission from pulsed power

A. Ames, D. Ampleford, C. Bourdon, R. Bruni, K. Kilaru, B. Kozioziemski, M. Pivovaroff, B. Ramsey, S. Romaine, J. Vogel, C. Walton, M. Wu

Proceedings Volume 10399, 103991X (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275721

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, X-ray optics, Optical coatings, Laser optics, X-ray characterization, X-rays, Pulsed power, Prototyping, Optical fabrication, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 27 October 2016 Paper

Toward large-area sub-arcsecond x-ray telescopes II

Stephen O'Dell, Ryan Allured, Andrew Ames, Michael Biskach, David Broadway, Ricardo Bruni, David Burrows, Jian Cao, Brandon Chalifoux, Kai-Wing Chan, Yip-Wah Chung, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Ronald Elsner, Jessica Gaskin, Mikhail Gubarev, Ralf Heilmann, Edward Hertz, Thomas Jackson, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Ryan McClelland, Brian Ramsey, Paul Reid, Raul Riveros, Jacqueline Roche, Suzanne Romaine, Timo Saha, Mark Schattenburg, Daniel Schwartz, Eric Schwartz, Peter Solly, Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Melville Ulmer, Alexey Vikhlinin, Margeaux Wallace, Xiaoli Wang, David Windt, Youwei Yao, Shi Ye, William Zhang, Heng Zuo

Proceedings Volume 9965, 996507 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238247

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Coating, X-ray optics, Silicon, Ion implantation, X-rays, Thin films, Ions, Iridium

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2015 Paper

Using iridium films to compensate for piezo-electric materials processing stresses in adjustable x-ray optics

A. Ames, R. Bruni, V. Cotroneo, R. Johnson-Wilke, T. Kester, P. Reid, S. Romaine, S. Tolier-McKinstry, R. H. T. Wilke

Proceedings Volume 9603, 96031I (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191404

KEYWORDS: Glasses, Mirrors, Ferroelectric materials, X-ray optics, Iridium, X-rays, Coating, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Electrodes

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Proceedings Article | 25 July 2014 Paper

Development of light weight replicated x-ray optics, II

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, B. Choi, C. Jensen, K. Kilaru, B. Ramsey, S. Sampath

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91441H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056973

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, X-ray optics, Nickel, Mirrors, Optical coatings, Ceramics, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Space telescopes, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Miniature lightweight x-ray optics (MiXO) for solar system exploration

J. Hong, S. Romaine

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91441F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056657

KEYWORDS: X-rays, X-ray optics, Mirrors, X-ray imaging, Comets, Solar system, Observatories, Asteroids, Planetary science, X-ray technology

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2013 Paper

Development of light weight replicated x-ray optics

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, B. Choi, P. Gorenstein, C. Jensen, B. Ramsey, R. Rosati, S. Sampath

Proceedings Volume 8861, 88610U (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024897

KEYWORDS: Nickel, Ceramics, Mirrors, Multilayers, Thin film coatings, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Optical coatings, Space telescopes, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

The Extreme Physics Explorer and large area micro-channel plate optics

Michael Garcia, Martin Elvis, Jon Chappell, Laura Brenneman, Daniel Patnaude, Ian Evans, Ricardo Bruni, Suzanne Romaine, Eric Silver, Richard Willingale, George Fraser, T. J. Turner, Brian Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471N (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894261

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Stars, Particles, Absorption, Physics, X-ray optics, Polarization, Point spread functions, Reflectivity, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Improved release coatings for electroformed x-ray optics

S. Romaine, J. Boike, R. Bruni, D. Engelhaupt, P. Gorenstein, B. Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81470W (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896000

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Optical coatings, Nickel, Data modeling, Tin, X-ray astronomy, Space telescopes, Astronomical telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 1 October 2011 Paper

From x-ray telescopes to neutron focusing

Mikhail Gubarev, Boris Khaykovich, Brian Ramsey, David Moncton, Vyacheslav Zavlin, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Suzanne Romaine, Richard Rosati, Ricardo Bruni, Lee Robertson, Lowell Crow, Haile Ambaye, Valeria Lauter

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81470B (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897325

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Nickel, Reflectivity, Multilayers, Microscopes, X-rays, Coating, X-ray optics, Scattering, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Platinum as a release layer for thermally formed optics for IXO

S. Romaine, R. Bruni, P. Gorenstein, S. Park, P. Reid, B. Ramsey, T. Kester

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77323T (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858109

KEYWORDS: Platinum, Surface roughness, Coating, X-rays, Glasses, Reflectivity, Polishing, Thermography, Silica, Sputter deposition

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

NHXM: a New Hard X-ray imaging and polarimetric Mission

Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Andrea Argan, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Jay Bookbinder, Osvaldo Catalano, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Enrico Costa, Giancarlo Cusumano, Fabrizio Fiore, Carlo Fiorini, Paolo Giommi, Giuseppe Malaguti, Giorgio Matt, Sandro Mereghetti, Giuseppina Micela, Stephen Murray, Barbara Negri, Giovanni Pareschi, Giuseppe Perola, Suzanne Romaine, Gabriele Villa

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773217 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857032

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Sensors, Cameras, Polarization, Mirrors, Hard x-rays, Spectroscopy, Physics, Synchrotrons

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

The optics system of the New Hard X-ray Mission: design and development

Stefano Basso, Giovanni Pareschi, Oberto Citterio, Daniele Spiga, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Marta Civitani, Lorenzo Raimondi, Giorgia Sironi, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Barbara Negri, Giancarlo Parodi, Francesco Martelli, Giuseppe Borghi, Alessandro Orlandi, Dervis Vernani, Giuseppe Valsecchi, Riccardo Binda, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Gorenstein, Primo Attinà

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773218 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856648

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Gold, Multilayers, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, Polishing, Atomic force microscopy, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

Mirror technology development for the International X-ray Observatory mission (IXO)

W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, M. Biskach, P. Blake, G. Byron, K. Chan, T. Evans, C. Fleetwood, M. Hill, M. Hong, L. Jalota, L. Kolos, J. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre, D. Robinson, T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. Gubarev, W. Jones, T. Kester, S. O'Dell, D. Caldwell, W. Davis, M. Freeman, W. Podgorski, P. Reid, S. Romaine

Proceedings Volume 7732, 77321G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857536

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-rays, Glasses, Observatories, X-ray optics, Wavefronts, Iridium, Coating, Sensors, X-ray technology

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Hard x-ray reflectivity measurement of broad-band multilayer samples

V. Cotroneo, R. Bruni, P. Gorenstein, G. Pareschi, S. Romaine, D. Spiga, Z. Zhong

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74371Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.827871

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Data modeling, Computer simulations, Multilayers, Platinum, Silicon, Hard x-rays, Statistical modeling, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Mandrel replication for hard x-ray optics using titanium nitride

S. Romaine, J. Boike, R. Bruni, D. Engelhaupt, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, B. Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 7437, 74370Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829583

KEYWORDS: Tin, Multilayers, Gold, Nickel, X-ray optics, Data modeling, Prototyping, Surface finishing, Hard x-rays, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 16 July 2008 Paper

The Constellation-X Observatory

Jay Bookbinder, Randall Smith, Anne Hornschemeier, Michael Garcia, Nicholas White, Harvey Tananbaum, Robert Petre, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Reid

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701102 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796906

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Stars, Spectral resolution, Observatories, Iron, Mirrors, Absorption, X-ray telescopes, Galactic astronomy, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Optical constants in the hard x-ray/soft gamma-ray range

C. Jensen, N. Brejnholdt, S. Romaine, R. Bruni, F. Christensen, D. Lumb, Z. Zhong

Proceedings Volume 7011, 70111K (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788983

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Silicon carbide, X-rays, Optical testing, Mass attenuation coefficient, Silicon, Platinum, Crystals, Reflectivity, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

New developments in light material overcoating for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement

V. Cotroneo, D. Spiga, R. Bruni, W. Burkert, M. Freyberg, G. Hartner, G. Pareschi, S. Romaine

Proceedings Volume 7011, 701119 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790686

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, X-rays, Carbon, Sensors, Platinum, X-ray telescopes, Reflection, Gold, Absorption, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2007 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope

S. Romaine, S. Basso, R. Bruni, W. Burkert, O. Citterio, V. Cotroneo, D. Engelhaupt, M. Freyberg, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, G. Hartner, F. Mazzoleni, S. O'Dell, G. Pareschi, B. Ramsey, C. Speegle, D. Spiga

Proceedings Volume 6688, 668804 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736063

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Nickel, X-ray optics, Atomic force microscopy, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Titanium, Gold, Prototyping, Polishing

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

Optical constants in the hard x-ray/soft gamma ray range of selected materials for multilayer reflectors

C. Jensen, S. Romaine, R. Bruni, F. Christensen, Z. Zhong

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880V (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.733958

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Platinum, X-rays, Reflectivity, Multilayers, Silicon carbide, Nickel, Optical testing, Gamma radiation, Reflectors

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

Stacked depth-graded multilayer for hard x-rays measured up to 130 keV

C. Jensen, F. Christensen, S. Romaine, R. Bruni, Z. Zhong

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880T (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.733911

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Reflectivity, Coating, Silicon carbide, Absorption, Nickel, X-rays, Telescopes, Refractive index, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

Carbon overcoatings for soft x-ray reflectivity enhancement

V. Cotroneo, D. Spiga, M. Barbera, R. Bruni, K. Chen, C. Marcelli, G. Pareschi, S. Romaine, Y. Zhao, L. Zheng, Z. Wu

Proceedings Volume 6688, 66880U (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735593

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Reflectivity, X-rays, Mirrors, Gold, Platinum, Telescopes, Sensors, Absorption, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 13 June 2006 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope: IV

S. Romaine, S. Basso, R. Bruni, W. Burkert, O. Citterio, G. Conti, D. Engelhaupt, M. Freyberg, M. Ghigo, P. Gorenstein, M. Gubarev, G. Hartner, F. Mazzoleni, S. O'Dell, G. Pareschi, B. Ramsey, C. Speegle, D. Spiga

Proceedings Volume 6266, 62661C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672052

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, Multilayers, Prototyping, X-rays, Hard x-rays, Space telescopes, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Telescopes, Optical fabrication

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope: III

Proceedings Volume 5900, 59000S (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620438

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Prototyping, X-ray optics, Coating, Data modeling, Multilayers, X-ray telescopes, Nickel, Photons, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 3 November 2004 Paper

Thin-shell plastic lenses for space and laboratory applications

Herbert Schnopper, Russell Ingram, Eric Silver, Marco Barbera, Roberto Candia, Finn Christensen, Carsten Jensen, Suzanne Romaine, D. Vernani, Vincenzo Cotroneo, Salvatore Varisco, Maria Artale, Kristin Madsen, Alfonso Collura

Proceedings Volume 5537, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.559774

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Lenses, X-ray telescopes, Sensors, Positron emission tomography, X-ray optics, Scattering, Multilayers, X-ray detectors, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2004 Paper

Development of a prototype nickel optic for the Constellation-X hard x-ray telescope

Suzanne Romaine, Stefano Basso, Ricardo Bruni, Oberto Citterio, Darell Engelhaupt, Mauro Ghigo, Paul Gorenstein, Mikhail Gubarev, Francesco Mazzoleni, Stephen O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Giancarlo Parodi, Brian Ramsey, Chet Speegle

Proceedings Volume 5168, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508096

KEYWORDS: Coating, Prototyping, Optical fabrication, Multilayers, Mirrors, X-ray optics, Nickel, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes, Iridium

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

B-MINE, the balloon-borne microcalorimeter nuclear line explorer

Eric Silver, Herbert Schnopper, Christine Jones, William Forman, Simon Bandler, Stephen Murray, Suzanne Romaine, Patrick Slane, Jonathan Grindlay, Norman Madden, Jeffrey Beeman, Eugene Haller, David Smith, Marco Barbera, Alfonso Collura, Finn Christensen, Brian Ramsey, Stanford Woosley, Roland Diehl, Gregory Tucker, Juan Fabregat, Victor Reglero, Alvaro Gimenez

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461410

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Calcium, Sensors, Data acquisition, Spectral resolution, Multilayers, X-ray telescopes, X-rays, Astrophysics, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Replication by Ni electroforming approach to produce the Con-X/HXT hard x-ray mirrors

Giovanni Pareschi, Oberto Citterio, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine, Giancarlo Parodi

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461343

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Nickel, Multilayers, X-rays, X-ray telescopes, Space telescopes, Hard x-rays, Reflectivity, Space operations, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Thin plastic shell x-ray optics: an update

Herbert Schnopper, Marco Barbera, Eric Silver, Russell Ingram, Finn Christensen, Suzanne Romaine, Lester Cohen, Alfonso Collura, Stephen Murray

Proceedings Volume 4851, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.461286

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Sensors, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Telescopes, Space telescopes, X-ray imaging, X-ray detectors, Aluminum, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 30 January 2002 Paper

High-energy characterization of multilayers for hard x-ray astronomy

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Stephen Cenko, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4496, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.454366

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Hard x-rays, X-ray astronomy, Astronomy, Lithium, Reflectivity, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Astronomical telescopes, Spectrometers

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Proceedings Article | 30 January 2002 Paper

Lightweight thin plastic foil x-ray telescopes

Herbert Schnopper, Marco Barbera, Eric Silver, Russell Ingram, Finn Christensen, Suzanne Romaine, Lester Cohen, Alfonso Collura, Stephen Murray

Proceedings Volume 4496, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.454371

KEYWORDS: X-rays, X-ray telescopes, X-ray optics, X-ray imaging, Telescopes, Multilayers, X-ray technology, Space telescopes, Aluminum, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2001 Paper

X-ray monochromator for divergent beam radiography using conventional and laser-produced x-ray sources

Herbert Schnopper, Suzanne Romaine, Andrzej Krol

Proceedings Volume 4502, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.449864

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Monochromators, X-ray sources, Lanthanum, Crystals, Barium, Absorption, Reflectivity, Angiography, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 14 November 2001 Paper

Influence of deposition parameters on the reflectivity of multilayer hard x-ray mirrors

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4501, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448487

KEYWORDS: Argon, Reflectivity, Silicon, Interfaces, Chemical species, Sputter deposition, Multilayers, Coating, Platinum, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 5 January 2001 Paper

Hard x-ray multilayers: a study of different material systems

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Kyung Wha Byun, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 4145, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.411622

KEYWORDS: Interfaces, Multilayers, Silicon, Reflectivity, Hard x-rays, Sputter deposition, Nickel, Platinum, Argon, X-ray optics

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

Integral shell mirrors for the Constellation X-ray mission hard x-ray telescope

Paul Gorenstein, Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Suzanne Romaine, Francesco Mazzoleni, Giovanni Pareschi, Mauro Ghigo, Oberto Citterio

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407562

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, Hard x-rays, X-rays, Nickel, Spatial resolution, Telescopes, Gold, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2000 Paper

Multilayer optics for hard x-ray astronomy

Suzanne Romaine, Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Finn Christensen, Fiona Harrison, William Craig, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 4138, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407551

KEYWORDS: Coating, Glasses, Multilayers, Silicon, Data modeling, X-ray optics, Reflectivity, Semiconducting wafers, Hard x-rays, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 16 November 1999 Paper

Design and optimization of multilayer coatings for hard x-ray mirrors

Adrian Ivan, Ricardo Bruni, Kyung Wha Byun, Finn Christensen, Paul Gorenstein, Suzanne Romaine

Proceedings Volume 3773, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.370082

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Reflectivity, Argon, Silicon, Interfaces, X-rays, Nickel, Hard x-rays, Platinum, Optical coatings

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Proceedings Article | 22 October 1999 Paper

Technology development for the Constellation-X hard-x-ray telescope

Fiona Harrison, Walter Cook, Finn Christensen, Oberto Citterio, William Craig, Neil Gehrels, Paul Gorenstein, Jonathan Grindlay, Charles Hailey, Richard Kroeger, Hideyo Kunieda, Giovanni Pareschi, Ann Parsons, Robert Petre, Suzanne Romaine, Brian Ramsey, Jack Tueller, Melville Ulmer, Martin Weisskopf, David Windt

Proceedings Volume 3765, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.366492

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mirrors, Hard x-rays, Reflectivity, Glasses, Nickel, X-ray optics, X-ray telescopes, Multilayers, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 1999 Paper

X-ray optics made from thin plastic foils

Herbert Schnopper, Eric Silver, Russell Ingram, Finn Christensen, Ahsen Hussain, Marco Barbera, Suzanne Romaine, Alfonso Collura, Almus Kenter, Simon Bandler, Stephen Murray

Proceedings Volume 3766, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.363649

KEYWORDS: X-ray telescopes, X-rays, X-ray optics, Telescopes, Scattering, Sensors, Multilayers, Space telescopes, X-ray imaging, Gold

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Characterization of graded d-spacing multilayers for hard x-ray telescopes

Adrian Ivan, Suzanne Romaine, Ricardo Bruni, John Everett, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331276

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Reflectivity, X-rays, Coating, X-ray telescopes, Transmission electron microscopy, Sputter deposition, Hard x-rays, Silicon, Camera shutters

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Progress in replication of substrates for multilayer coatings

Suzanne Romaine, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Adrian Ivan, Paul Gorenstein, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Oberto Citterio, Joseph Pedulla

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331277

KEYWORDS: Gold, Carbon, Multilayers, Reflectivity, Data modeling, Atomic force microscopy, X-rays, Interfaces, Epoxies, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Characterization and multilayer coating of cylindrical x-ray optics for x-ray astronomy

Suzanne Romaine, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Adrian Ivan, Paul Gorenstein

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331275

KEYWORDS: Coating, Multilayers, X-ray optics, X-ray astronomy, Data modeling, X-rays, Silicon, Semiconducting wafers, Reflectivity, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Feasibility study of ALS beamline 6.3.2 in the calibration of AXAF: initial reflectivity results

Richard Blake, Anthony Burek, Jonathan Fitch, Dale Graessle, Suzanne Romaine, Daniel Schwartz, Regina Soufli, Eric Gullikson, A. Stonas, James Underwood

Proceedings Volume 3444, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.331232

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Calibration, Oxygen, Mirrors, Reflection, Sensors, Carbon, Contamination, Nanoimprint lithography, Chromium

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AXAF telescope witness mirror calibrations have been carried out on ALS Beamline 6.3.2 in July 1997 and Jan-Feb 1998 to ascertain whether sufficient beam purity and signal to noise were available over the energy range 50-1000 eV. An overall accuracy of 1 percent is necessary on reflectivities to meet AXAF program requirements. Some beamline variations were incorporated - based on two previous test runs. Various filter/order-sorter combinations were used to control beam purity. A test involving strength of the N-edge dips in reflectivity versus sample angle to the beam showed the NVII, NVI, NIII, NII, and NI edges in roughly expected proportions. This verified adequate purity in all filter/order-sorter channels except the 260-454 eV channel that includes the NV and NIV edges just above the carbon K- edge. We discuss a future solution of this puzzle by other test for evaluation of the carbon contamination layer. Oxygen contamination is also ubiquitous on Ir mirrors and foils. These problems can also be handled through optimization of the data acquisition and use of control samples. In reflection Ir NIII appears out of the noise as two doublet-like bumps. Ir NII has so far been observed near the noise level < 2 percent. Averaged over many scans it too appears to be doublet-like. Scans through the NI edge near the noise level are compatible with a doublet-like or broad feature from 685-707 eV. transmission data give the NI and NIII edges better. Ir NIV and NV edges are not yet measurable for systematic reasons. NVI and NVII appear to be normal edges. Angle scans to derive the Ir and Cr layer thicknesses are feasible at approximately 900-920 eV. Reflectivities can be reliably measured at small angles to 1300 eV. This will be useful for overlap with measurements at NSLS. Optical constants derived from reflectivities in most segments of this energy range will meet requirements for AXAF. Transmission measurements are being pursued in addition, for confirmation and to augment some segments.

Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Application of multilayer coatings to replicated substrates

Suzanne Romaine, Ahsen Hussain, John Everett, Anna Clark, Ricardo Bruni, Paul Gorenstein, Mauro Ghigo, Francesco Mazzoleni, Oberto Citterio, Joseph Pedulla

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278854

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Multilayers, Gold, Silica, Reflectivity, Epoxies, X-rays, Data modeling, Optical coatings, Statistical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Density vs Ar-pressures for optimization of DC-magnetron sputter deposition of Ni/C multilayers for hard x-ray telescopes

Ahsen Hussain, Suzanne Romaine, Paul Gorenstein, John Everett, Ricardo Bruni, Anna Clark, Michael Ruane, Y. Fedyunin

Proceedings Volume 3113, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.278855

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Sputter deposition, X-ray telescopes, Information operations, Hard x-rays, Atomic force microscopy, Space telescopes, X-ray characterization, Nickel, Transmission electron microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 1996 Paper

Hard x-ray telescope mission

Paul Gorenstein, D. Worrall, Karsten Joensen, Suzanne Romaine, Martin Weisskopf, Brian Ramsey, James Bilbro, Richard Kroeger, Neil Gehrels, Ann Parsons, Robert Smither, Finn Christensen, Oberto Citterio, Peter von Ballmoos

Proceedings Volume 2807, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.255094

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Space telescopes, Crystals, X-ray telescopes, Mirrors, Telescopes, Hard x-rays, Multilayers, Spatial resolution, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 1996 Paper

Monitoring program for the coating of the AXAF flight optics

Suzanne Romaine, Ricardo Bruni, Anna Clark, William Podgorski, D. Schultz, Daniel Schwartz, Leon Van Speybroeck, Ying Zhou, Robert Hahn, George Johnston, Andrew Longmire, J. Humphreys, Alan Shapiro, R. Tjulander, E. Barinek

Proceedings Volume 2805, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.245089

KEYWORDS: Coating, Reflectivity, X-rays, X-ray optics, Sensors, Mirrors, Calibration, Thin film coatings, X-ray sources, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 19 July 1996 Paper

Correlation between x-ray reflectivity measurements and surface roughness of AXAF coated witness samples

Anna Clark, Ricardo Bruni, Suzanne Romaine, Daniel Schwartz, Leon Van Speybroeck, P. Yip, Alvin Drehman, Alan Shapiro

Proceedings Volume 2805, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.245102

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Surface roughness, Atomic force microscopy, X-rays, Polishing, Surface finishing, X-ray optics, Mirrors, Information operations, Spatial frequencies

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