A wave-optics-based numerical simulation analysis of the impact of speckle-beacon size on the performance of an adaptive optics (AO) system operating in volume atmospheric turbulence is presented. For clarity, the speckle beacon was represented by a laser beam of a super-Gaussian profile, scattered off an extended flat target with Lambertian surface roughness. The control loop of the AO system included a high-resolution scintillation-resistant multi-aperture phase contrast wavefront sensor (MAPCO WFS), an ideal (infinite-resolution) wavefront corrector, and phase-conjugation (PC) type controllers utilizing either conventional PC or advanced speckle-average (SA) PC control algorithms. The results obtained show that the use of the advanced control algorithms makes it possible to partially mitigate the target-induced speckle effects and turbulence-induced wavefront aberrations for extended beacons, the size of which is comparable to or even exceeds the diffraction-limited beam spot size of the corresponding laser beam projection system.
Atmospheric path characterization using a recently developed computational and visualization software platform is discussed. The software enables high-fidelity and high-performance modeling and simulation of optical wave propagation in realistic atmospheric conditions based on parallelized wave-optics algorithms integrated with numerical weather prediction data. It provides nowcast and forecast visualization capabilities that can be used for accurate and fast computation of laser beam and image characteristics along the propagation path.
We present a user-friendly computational platform for numerical analysis and performance assessment of a wide range of optical systems for imaging and laser projection applications. The wave-optics-based software package, referred to as the Wave-Optics Joint Estimation Toolbox (WaveJET), exploits advantages of GPU/CUDA technologies and allows one to quickly and accurately simulate atmospheric turbulence effects on various systems using the combination of different computational techniques and algorithms for wavefront sensing and imaging. The WaveJET software also takes into account critical system engineering design constraints including system architecture, diffraction, turbulence propagation, adaptive optics control, and coherent/incoherent beam combining.
Computational efficiency and accuracy of wave-optics-based Monte–Carlo and brightness function numerical simulation techniques for incoherent imaging of extended objects through atmospheric turbulence are evaluated. Simulation results are compared with theoretical estimates based on known analytical solutions for the modulation transfer function of an imaging system and the long-exposure image of a Gaussian-shaped incoherent light source. It is shown that the accuracy of both techniques is comparable over the wide range of path lengths and atmospheric turbulence conditions, whereas the brightness function technique is advantageous in terms of the computational speed.
We present a physics-based model for analysis of atmospheric turbulence and aerosol scattering effects on imaging of remote extended objects under daylight and laser illumination. The technique is based on joint solution of the parabolic wave equation and equation for the brightness function. Turbulent distortions are simulated with the use of the conventional phase-screen approach. Scattering effects are accounted for by representing the aerosol medium by a set of aerosol screens. The coherent and incoherent components of the scattered field are obtained in the single scattering approximation at each aerosol screen. In addition, a simplified model considering the natural background radiation effect on the contrast of an image formed is discussed. Numerical simulation results are presented.
Computational efficiency and accuracy of wave-optics-based Monte-Carlo and brightness function numerical simulation techniques for incoherent imaging through atmospheric turbulence are evaluated. Simulation results are compared with theoretical estimates based on known analytical solutions for the modulation transfer function of an imaging system and the long-exposure image of a Gaussian-shaped incoherent light source.
The phase noise that originates in the multi-channel master-oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) system of a coherent
tiled fiber-array beam director may drastically impact the efficiency of laser beam projection on a remotely located target
in the atmosphere. The recently proposed near-field phase locking (NFPL) technique mitigates the MOPA-induced phase
noise and gives an opportunity for programmable control of local (on-subaperture) piston and tip/tilt phases of the
outgoing fiber-array beams (beamlets). In the present paper, we evaluate the influence of both NFPL and programmable
phase control on the beam director performance for different laser beam propagation paths and atmospheric turbulence
conditions. Our analysis is based on wave-optics numerical simulation.
Experimental study of internal phase locking of a seven fiber collimator array is presented. As a
metric for the feedback loop the periphery areas (tails) of beams outgoing from three adjacent fiber tips
are used before the beams are clipped by the lens apertures. The "intercepted" tails of beams are
redirected back into the collimator array forming an interference pattern located between adjacent
collimators. Optical energy from one region of the pattern is selected by a pinhole, detected with a
photo-diode and used as a metric signal for an SPGD controller to lock the phase of the three adjacent
beam tails. The non-common phase difference of the outgoing wavefronts from these three collimators
can be manipulated by altering the position of the pinhole in focal plane of the interference pattern and
is removed (set to "zero" or 2π increments) by a displacement selected to produce the expected far field
interference pattern. To phase lock the beams from seven collimators arranged in a hexagonal array,
three pinholes, each of which receives some light from the center collimator are used. A sum of the
signals from the three photo-diodes placed behind these pinholes is used to lock the phase of the six
periphery beams to the central uncontrolled reference without beam splitters or a remote target-in-theloop
metric.
A new wavefront control approach for mitigation of atmospheric turbulence-induced wavefront phase aberrations in
coherent fiber-array-based laser beam projection systems is introduced and analyzed. This approach is based on
integration of wavefront sensing capabilities directly into the fiber-array transmitter aperture. In the coherent fiber array
considered, we assume that each fiber collimator (subaperture) of the array is capable of precompensation of local (onsubaperture)
wavefront phase tip and tilt aberrations using controllable rapid displacement of the tip of the delivery fiber
at the collimating lens focal plane. In the technique proposed, this tip and tilt phase aberration control is based on
maximization of the optical power received through the same fiber collimator using the stochastic parallel gradient
descent (SPGD) technique. The coordinates of the fiber tip after the local tip and tilt aberrations are mitigated
correspond to the coordinates of the focal-spot centroid of the optical wave backscattered off the target. Similar to a
conventional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, phase function over the entire fiber-array aperture can then be retrieved
using the coordinates obtained. The piston phases that are required for coherent combining (phase locking) of the
outgoing beams at the target plane can be further calculated from the reconstructed wavefront phase. Results of analysis
and numerical simulations are presented. Performance of adaptive precompensation of phase aberrations in this laser
beam projection system type is compared for various system configurations characterized by the number of fiber
collimators and atmospheric turbulence conditions. The wavefront control concept presented can be effectively applied
for long-range laser beam projection scenarios for which the time delay related with the double-pass laser beam
propagation to the target and back is compared or even exceeds the characteristic time of the atmospheric turbulence
change - scenarios when conventional target-in-the-loop phase-locking techniques fail.
We present the development of a novel technique for numerical simulation and analysis of wide field-of-view (FOV)
incoherent and anisoplanatic imaging of an object through volume turbulence. This technique is based on the recently
developed brightness function method [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, v. 22, p. 126 (2005)]. We present computer simulation
results demonstrating the anisoplanatic turbulence effects on an object image quality.
We investigate performance of a tiled array of adaptive photonics phase-locked elements (APPLE) or fiber collimators for (real-time) compensation of atmospheric phase aberrations. The compensation technique is based on a decoupled stochastic parallel gradient descent (D-SPGD) optimization of performance metrics. We further compare the APPLE system and the monolithic aperture adaptive optics system based on the SPGD optimization algorithm and demonstrate that the tiled fiber array is more efficient in phase aberration compensation over the large range of atmospheric turbulence strengths and under both static and dynamic turbulence conditions.
We consider theoretically spatial pattern formation processes in a unidirectional ring cavity with thin layer of Kerr-type nonlinear medium. Our method is based on studying of two coupled equations. The first is a partial differential equation for temporal dynamics of phase modulation of light wave in the medium. It describes nonlinear interaction in the Kerr-type lice. The second is a free propagation equation for the intracavity field complex amplitude. It involves diffraction effects of light wave in the cavity.
Influence of the input field spatial stationary modulation (roll) on the pattern formation in a nonlinear optical system has been under theoretical and numerical investigation. We show that variation of the input field modulation amplitude dramatically change the spatial dynamics of the system. If the modulation amplitude is large enough stimulated patterns appear in the system output.
Pattern formation processes in passive nonlinear ring resonator were studied theoretically and numerically. The formation of not only 'classical' spatial patterns, such as roll, hexagon, and dodecagon, but more complicated flower- like patterns were analyzed. We found and described new dynamic regime in the cavity-spatial localized structure formation.
Dynamics of nonlinear interferometer with optical feedback was analytically and numerically studied. Mathematical model of the system was elaborated. Linear stability analysis in the sense of noise in the input field was carried out. Numerical simulation results were presented.
Transverse interactions in a passive ring resonator with Kerr slice are theoretically and numerically investigated. Using the method of nonlinear phase modulation expansion we obtained the system of equations for nonlinear modes. Stability analysis of resonator modes was carried out. We also studied intermode interactions and regular pattern formation processes in both cases of plane wave and circular aperture.
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