In this paper, a selective weighting method is used for data embedding to achieve blind watermark detection. In the proposed system, block polarity and activity index modulation are used for the selective weighting. The block polarity is determined based on the number of coefficients that are larger than the median value. The block activity index is the pseudo-quantized block activity that is represented by the sum of absolute differences (SAD) of each coefficient to the median value. The block activity index modulation is performed based on the XOR operation of the randomized watermark and the randomized wavelet blocks polarity. In the block activity index modulation, if any coefficient is located very close to the median, it is vulnerable to attacks because its polarity can easily be changed. In such cases, the coefficient is forced to shift, by the just-noticeable-difference (JND) amount, toward the positive or negative end to enhance the robustness. The watermark embedding is actually performed by the activity index modulation that will modify each coefficient value by a small amount to force the activity to be quantized into a specific region. Simulation results show that the proposed method performs extremely well for Checkmark with non-geometric attacks, such as linear filtering, remodulation, denoising, and compression. The proposed scheme is also robust against image cropping, downsampling, rotation, and columns removal attacks.
In this paper, we present a novel energy compaction method, the selective block reordering, which is used with SPIHT (SBR-SPIHT) coding for low rate video coding to enhance the coding efficiency for motion-compensated residuals. The inter-frame coding basically includes three major parts - motion estimation, motion compensation, and motion-compensated residual coding. The motion estimation and overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) methods of H.263 are used to reduce the temporal redundancy. The motion-compensated residuals are encoded in the wavelet domain. The block-mapping reorganization utilizes the wavelet zerotree relationship that jointly presents the
wavelet coefficients from the lowest subband to high frequency subbands at the same spatial location, and allocates each wavelet tree with all descendents to form a wavelet block. The block reordering based on the threshold scan rearranges the significant blocks in the descending order of the energy. Then, the block reordering technique reorders the wavelet sub-blocks recrusively, according to the energy of each sub-block, to yield the maximum energy
compaction that allows the SPIHT coding to operate efficiently on the motion-compensated residuals. Simulation results demonstrate that SBR-SPIHT outperforms H.263 by 1.28~0.69 dB on average for various video sequences at very low bit-rates, ranging from 48 to 10 kbps.
In this paper, we propose a key-based video watermarking system in which the watermark embedding and the video encoding are processed at the same time on MPEG-2. Since the watermark information would propagate to inter-frames through the motion compensated coding, the watermark is embedded in a single intra-frame but can be extracted from all frames in the same group of pictures (GOP). The watermark is embedded in the low frequency DCT coefficients of the intra-frames based on the block polarity. The block polarity is Tri-state Exclusive-Or (TXOR) with the watermark to generate the secret key, which labels the block locations of the embedded watermark. In the decoding end, the block polarity over a GOP is calculated by a weighted voting procedure according to the frame weighting. Finally, the watermark over a GOP can be obtained by TXOR operation of the key and the block polarity. The simulation results show that the system has great imperceptibility that the PSNRs of the watermarked frames are almost the same as the un-watermarked ones and more accurate normalized correlation (NC) can be obtained as well.
In this paper, we propose an image watermarking system that is highly robust against various attacks without perceivable image degradation. The cover image is first discrete wavelet transformed (DWT), and then the low and middle subbands are divided into wavelet blocks. A selective watermark embedding method is used in which a DWT block is chosen for watermark embedding only when its coefficients clearly indicate the block polarity. Instead of the original image, a key is used in the watermark extraction to indicate the locations where watermark bits are embedded. The key is generated by a Tri-state Exclusive OR (TXOR) operation on the randomized watermark and the randomized DWT coefficients of the original image. Finally, a deadzone evacuation procedure is performed to ensure an adequate noise margin. If a DWT coefficient is very close to the polarity threshold, e.g., the median, then it will be forced to shift to the positive or the negative end of the deadzone depending on its polarity. Simulation results show that the key method proposed herein achieves excellent performance for Checkmark non-geometric attacks, such as filtering, compression, and copy attacks. The proposed scheme is also robust for image cropping at different positions.
We present an error-concealed embedded wavelet (ECEW) video coding system for transmission over Internet or wireless networks. This system consists of two types of frames: intra (I) frames and inter, or predicted (P), frames. Inter frames are constructed by the residual frames formed by variable block-size multiresolution motion estimation (MRME). Motion vectors are compressed by arithmetic coding. The image data of intra frames and residual frames are coded by error-resilient embedded zerotree wavelet (ER-EZW) coding. The ER-EZW coding partitions the wavelet coefficients into several groups and each group is coded independently. Therefore, the error propagation effect resulting from an error is only confined in a group. In EZW coding any single error may result in a totally undecodable bitstream. To further reduce the error damage, we use the error concealment at the decoding end. In intra frames, the erroneous wavelet coefficients are replaced by neighbors. In inter frames, erroneous blocks of wavelet coefficients are replaced by data from the previous frame. Simulations show that the performance of ECEW is superior to ECEW without error concealment by 7 to approximately 8 dB at the error-rate of 10-3 in intra frames. The improvement still has 2 to approximately 3 dB at a higher error-rate of 10-2 in inter frames.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.