HAYABUSA, launched May 2003, is the first Japanese spacecraft to explore the small asteroid Itokawa. HAYABUSA had rendezvous Itokawa in three month in 2005 and touched down it twice to sample the material from it. LIDAR is a one of important navigation sensor to measure the distance between HAYABUSA and Itokawa from 50km to 50m. LIDAR operated in the three months and was estimated to have shot more than 4 million laser pulses and had supplied the ranging data to spacecraft navigation system to approach Itokawa down to 30 m.
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) has been used in remote sensing systems, obstacle avoidance systems on planetary
landers, rendezvous docking systems, and formation flight control systems. A wide dynamic range is necessary for
LIDAR systems on planetary landers and in rendezvous docking systems. For example, a dynamic range of 60 dB was
required for the receiving system used in the Hayabusa mission to measure distances between 50 m and 50 km. In
addition, the obstacle detection and avoidance system of a planetary lander requires a ranging resolution of better than 10
cm. For planetary landers, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science/Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is
developing a readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for LIDAR reception. This report introduces the design of the customized
IC and reports the results of preliminary experiments evaluating the prototype, LIDARX04.
A LIDAR system is an important navigation sensor that can make the long range distance measurements necessary to
rendezvous with and touchdown on a target asteroid. More efficient mapping of a planetary surface requires the function
of two-dimensional scanning for the purposes of navigation and scientific observation. In this report, we propose a novel
scanning system for LIDAR that has a relatively large aperture diameter for long range measurement. The large aperture
of the receiver telescope and a frictionless mechanism are realized by means of novel optics and MEMS technology.
This report introduces an outline of the two-dimensional scanning LIDAR system and reports the results of fundamental
experiments.
MUSES-C is a sample return mission of a near-earth asteroid. The MUSES-C spacecraft rendezvous and touches down an asteroid. In order to approach safely, it has a LIDAR system with the range covering from 50 m to 50 km. The range accuracy at 50 km was less than 10 m. The LIDAR uses a diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with l2mJ output energy for ranging. The prototype-model of the LIDAR was developed and it has been testing to prove performance for MUSES-C. The prototype-model of the laser satisfied all of the required specifications for MUSES-C. Also, the laser realized the weight fewer than 300g with Mg alloy for frame and glue fixation of optics.
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