The National Ignition Facility (NIF) has a need for measuring gamma radiation as part of a nuclear diagnostic program.
A new gamma-detection diagnostic uses 90° off-axis parabolic mirrors to relay Cherenkov light from a volume of
pressurized gas. This nonimaging optical system has the high-speed detector placed at a stop position with the
Cherenkov light delayed until after the prompt gammas have passed through the detector. Because of the wavelength
range (250 to 700 nm), the optical element surface finish was a key design constraint. A cluster of four channels (each
set to a different gas pressure) will collect the time histories for different energy ranges of gammas.
The National Ignition Facility and the Omega Laser Facility both have a need for measuring prompt gamma radiation as
part of a nuclear diagnostic program. A new gamma-detection diagnostic using off-axis-parabolic mirrors has been built.
Some new techniques were used in the design, construction, and tolerancing of this gamma ray diagnostic. Because of
the wavelength requirement (250 to 700 nm), the optical element surface finishes were a key design consideration. The
optical enclosure had to satisfy pressure safety concerns and shielding against electromagnetic interference induced by
gammas and neutrons. Structural finite element analysis was needed to meet rigorous optical and safety requirements.
The optomechanical design is presented. Alignment issues are also discussed.
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires optical diagnostics for measuring shock velocities in shock physics experiments. The nature of the NIF facility requires the alignment of complex three-dimensional optical systems of very long distances. Access to the alignment mechanisms can be limited, and any alignment system must be operator-friendly. The Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) measures shock velocities and shock breakout times of 1- to 5-mm targets at a location remote to the NIF target chamber. A third imaging system measures self-emission of the targets. These three optical systems using the same vacuum chamber port each have a total track of 21 m. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts or sliding rails, enabling pointing accuracy of the optical axis to be systematically checked. Counter-propagating laser beams (orange and red) align these diagnostics to a listing of tolerances. Floating apertures, placed before and after lens groups, display misalignment by showing the spread of alignment spots created by the orange and red alignment lasers. Optical elements include 1-in. to 15-in. diameter mirrors, lenses with up to 10.5-in. diameters, beam splitters, etalons, dove prisms, filters, and pellicles. Alignment of more than 75 optical elements must be verified before each target shot. Archived images from eight alignment cameras prove proper alignment is achieved before each shot.
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires optical diagnostics for measuring shock velocities in shock physics experiments. The velocity interferometer for any reflector measures shock velocities at a location remote to the NIF target chamber. Our team designed two systems, one for a polar port orientation, and the other to accommodate two equatorial ports. The polar-oriented design requires a 48-m optical relay to move the light from inside the target chamber to a separately housed measurement and laser illumination station. The currently operational equatorial design requires a much shorter relay of 21 m. Both designs posed significant optomechanical challenges due to the long optical path length, large quantity of optical elements, and stringent NIF requirements. System design had to tightly control the use of lubricants and materials, especially those inside the vacuum chamber; tolerate earthquakes and radiation; and consider numerous other tolerance, alignment, and steering adjustment issues. To ensure compliance with NIF performance requirements, we conducted a finite element analysis.
Optical diagnostics are currently being designed to analyze high-energy density physics experiments at the National
Ignition Facility (NIF). Two line-imaging Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) interferometers
have been fielded to measure shock velocities, breakout times, and emission of targets sized from 1 to 5 millimeters. A
20-cm-diameter, fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 from the targets inside the 10-meter-diameter NIF vacuum
chamber. VISAR recordings use a 659.5-nm probe laser. By adding a specially coated beam splitter at the interferometer
table, light at wavelengths from 540 to 645 nm is split into a thermal-imaging diagnostic. Because fused silica lenses are
used in the first triplet relay, the intermediate image planes for different wavelengths separate by considerable distances.
A pair of corrector lenses on the interferometer table reunites these separated wavelength planes to provide a good
image. Streak cameras perform all VISAR and thermal-imaging recording. Alignment techniques are discussed.
Optical diagnostics are currently being designed to analyze high-energy density physics experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Two independent line-imaging Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) interferometers have been fielded to measure shock velocities, breakout times, and emission of targets having sizes of 1-5 mm. An 8-inch-diameter, fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 inside the 30-foot-diameter NIF vacuum chamber. VISAR recordings use a 659.5-nm probe laser. By adding a specially coated beam splitter to the interferometer table, light at wavelengths from 540 to 645 nm is spilt into a thermal-imaging diagnostic. Because fused silica lenses are used in the first triplet relay, the intermediate image planes for different wavelengths separate by considerable distances. A corrector lens on the interferometer table reunites these separated wavelength planes to provide a good image. Thermal imaging collects light at f/5 from a 2-mm object placed at Target Chamber Center (TCC). Streak cameras perform VISAR and thermal-imaging recording. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts so that pointing accuracy of the optical axis may be checked. Counter-propagating laser beams (orange and red) are used to align both diagnostics. The red alignment laser is selected to be at the 50 percent reflection point of the beam splitter. This alignment laser is introduced at the recording streak cameras for both diagnostics and passes through this special beam splitter on its way into the NIF vacuum chamber.
Robert Malone, John Bower, David Bradley, Gene Capelle, John Celeste, Peter Celliers, Gilbert Collins, Mark Eckart, Jon Eggert, Brent Frogget, Robert Guyton, Damien Hicks, Morris Kaufman, Brian MacGowan, Samuel Montelongo, Edmund Ng, Ronald Robinson, Thomas Tunnell, Phillip Watts, Paul Zapata
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires diagnostics to analyze high-energy density physics experiments. A VISAR (Velocity Interferometry System for Any Reflector) diagnostic has been designed to measure shock velocities, shock breakout times, and shock emission of targets with sizes from 1 to 5 mm. An 8-inch-diameter fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 inside the 30-foot-diameter vacuum chamber. The optical relay sends the image out an equatorial port, through a 2-inch-thick vacuum window, and into two interferometers. A 60-kW VISAR probe laser operates at 659.5 nm with variable pulse width. Special coatings on the mirrors and cutoff filters are used to reject the NIF drive laser wavelengths and to pass a band of wavelengths for VISAR, passive shock breakout light, or thermal imaging light (bypassing the interferometers). The first triplet can be no closer than 500 mm from the target chamber center and is protected from debris by a blast window that is replaced after every event. The front end of the optical relay can be temporarily removed from the equatorial port, allowing other experimenters to use that port. A unique resolution pattern has been designed to validate the VISAR diagnostic before each use. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts so that the pointing accuracy of the optical axis can be checked. Seven CCD cameras monitor the diagnostic alignment.
Robert Malone, John Bower, Gene Capelle, John Celeste, Peter Celliers, Brent Frogget, Robert Guyton, Morris Kaufman, Gregory Lare, Tony Lee, Brian MacGowan, Samuel Montelongo, Edmund Ng, Thayne Thomas, Thomas Tunnell, Phillip Watts
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) requires diagnostics to analyze high-energy density physics experiments. As a core NIF early light diagnostic, this system measures shock velocities, shock breakout times, and shock emission of targets with sizes from 1 to 5 mm. A 659.5 nm VISAR probe laser illuminates the target. An 8-inch-diameter fused silica triplet lens collects light at f/3 inside the 33-foot-diameter vacuum chamber. The optical relay sends the image out an equatorial port, through a 2-inch-thick vacuum window, and into two VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) interferometers. Both streak cameras and CCD cameras record the images. Total track is 75 feet. The front end of the optical relay can be temporarily removed from the equatorial port, allowing for other experimenters to use that port. The first triplet can be no closer than 500 mm from the target chamber center and is protected from debris by a blast window that is replaced after every event. Along with special coatings on the mirrors, cutoff filters reject the NIF drive laser wavelengths and pass a band of wavelengths for VISAR, for passive shock breakout light, or for thermal imaging light (bypassing the interferometers). Finite Element Analysis was performed on all mounting structures. All optical lenses are on kinematic mounts, so that the pointing accuracy of the optical axis can be checked. A two-color laser alignment scheme is discussed.
It is well known that the attenuation length of radiation in any dense material increases with radiation energy. We propose a novel method of measuring x-ray and gamma spectra based on this principle. The multispectral x-ray and gamma spectrometer concept employs a scintillating material and optical camera system coupled via optical fibers. The optical fibers are placed sequentially at increasing depth with respect to the radiation path along the length of the scintillating material. Light generated by the interaction of radiation with the scintillating material is transported to the camera for recording and subsequent analysis. The proposed system will be used to determine the spectrum of incident radiation by deconvolving the radiation spectrum from the optical intensity (as a function of depth) of the recorded signals.
ImageTool is a software package developed at Bechtel Nevada, Los Alamos Operations. This team has developed a set of analysis tools, in the form of image processing software used to evaluate camera calibration data. Performance measures are used to identify capabilities and limitations of a camera system, while establishing a means for comparing systems. The camera evaluations are designed to provide system performance, camera comparison and system modeling information. This program is used to evaluate digital camera images. ImageTool proves basic image restoration and analysis features along with a special set of camera evaluation tools which are used to standardize camera system characterizations. This process is started with the acquisition of a well-defined set of calibration images. Image processing algorithms provide a consistent means of evaluating the camera calibration data. Performance measures in the areas of sensitivity, noise, and resolution are used as a basis for comparing camera systems and evaluating experimental system performance. Camera systems being with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and optical relay system and may incorporate image intensifiers, electro-static image tubes, or electron bombarded charge-coupled devices (EBCCDs). Electro-optical components provide fast shuttering and/or optical gain to camera systems. Camera types evaluated include grated intensified cameras and multi-frame cameras used in applications ranging from X-ray radiography to visible and infrared imaging. It is valuable to evaluate the performance of a camera system in order to determine if a particular system meets experimental requirements. In this paper we highlight the processing features of ImageTool.
Holographic data are acquired during hydrodynamic experiments at the Pegasus Pulsed Power Facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. These experiments produce a fine spray of fast-moving particles. Snapshots of the spray are captured using in-line Fraunhofer holographic techniques. Roughly one cubic centimeter is recorded by the hologram. Minimum detectable particle size in the data extends down to 2 microns. In a holography reconstruction system, a laser illuminates the hologram as it rests in a three- axis actuator, recreating the snapshot of the experiment. A computer guides the actuators through an orderly sequence programmed by the user. At selected intervals, slices of this volume are captured and digitized with a CCD camera. Intermittent on-line processing of the image data and computer control of the camera functions optimizes statistics of the acquired image data for off-line processing. Tens of thousands of individual data frames (30 to 40 gigabytes of data) are required to recreate a digital representation of the snapshot. Throughput of the reduction system is 550 megabytes per hour (MB/hr). Objects and associated features from the data are subsequently extracted during off-line processing. Discrimination and correlation tests reject noise, eliminate multiple-counting of particles, and build an error model to estimate performance. Objects surviving these tests are classified as particles. The particle distributions are derived from the data base formed by these particles, their locations and features. Throughput of the off-line processing exceeds 500 MB/hr. This paper describes the reduction system, outlines the off-line processing procedure, summarizes the discrimination and correlation tests, and reports numerical results for a sample data set.
In-line Fraunhofer holography has been developed and implemented at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to measure particle distributions of fast moving particles. Holography is a unique diagnostic that gives unambiguous information on the size and shapes of particle distribution over a 3D volume. Currently, the capability of measuring particles two microns in size which travel many mm/microsecond(s) ec has been demonstrated in hydrodynamic experiments at the Pegasus Pulsed Power Facility. Usually, for setting up an in-line holography experiment for measuring particles a few microns in size, the holographic film would be placed less than one centimeter from the particles. However, due to the high kinetic energy associated with the dynamic experiment, an optical relay system is used to relay the interference pattern 35 cm so that the glass hologram will survive. After the hologram has been recorded the data must be extracted. A spatially filtered laser is used to reconstruct a real image which is a projection of the particles over a 3D volume. Planes of data from this volume are digitized via a CCD camera by moving the hologram with a three axis actuator. After the data has been digitized it is then analyzed with intelligent image processing algorithms.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.