The relationship between atmospheric precipitation, cosmic radiation and solar activity during the change of dry and wet periods in the Crimea was investigated on the basis of long-term observation data. It was found that on an interannual time scale, dry periods correspond to periods of increase in high-energy cosmic radiation and decrease in solar activity. In contrast, wet periods correspond to periods of decreasing cosmic radiation and increasing solar activity (Wolf number). Heavy showers and floods, especially in the zenithal period of the year in June-July, are usually timed to extremes of cosmic radiation and variations of solar activity on a “days-months” scale, which occur due to increased solar flare activity.
Based on the data of standard hydrometeorological measurements of wind speed and direction, the temporal characteristics of Bora phenomena on the southern coast of Crimea for the period from 1990 to 2022 were estimated. Average annual, average monthly values of the number of days with Bora for the study period and the frequency of Bora by months were obtained. To analyze the synoptic conditions for the formation and frequency of the Crimean Bora, the ERA5 reanalysis data on wind speed and geopotential at a level of 500 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere were used. The conditions for the formation of Bora against the background of the general circulation of the atmosphere were assessed using the typification of B.L. Dzerdzeevsky. For all cases of Bora, various types of atmospheric circulation mechanisms have been studied. It is shown that the development of the Crimean southern coast Bora can occur in various forms of large-scale circulation with the participation of two main types – meridional northern and meridional southern. The local features of the mountain relief directly determine the spatial variability of the wind field during Bora.
To assess the interannual-interdecadal changes in surface air temperature anomalies in the Black Sea coastal zone associated with global climate change, long series of measurements of surface air temperature near Cape Kikineiz and the city of Yalta on the Southern Coast of Crimea were used. Estimates of polynomial trends and long-term fluctuations in surface air temperature anomalies are obtained. Trends in average annual and seasonal surface air temperatures are compared with changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation indices. The results indicate the existence of long-term fluctuations in the regional surface air temperature anomalies, seasonally synchronized with global meteorological processes.
The correlation analysis on the basis of long-term observational data was used to study the relationship between the intensity of cosmic radiation and the total and lower cloudiness, precipitation, temperature, and relative air humidity on the Southern Coast of Crimea. The results of the analysis of the monthly values of these parameters for the period 2009– 2021, obtained in the course of long-term observations, confirm the significant influence of the intensity of cosmic radiation on the hydrometeorological parameters of the atmosphere, which determine the change of dry and damp periods in the region under study.
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