The diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and diffuse near infrared spectroscopy (DNIRS) are the contemporary non-invasive optical methods which have turned out now to be ones of the most required optical tools for assessing tissue health, in regards to mammography, brain, and deep tissue injury. Earlier we reported on an observation, within the DCS technics, of development of pressure injuries measuring dermal and subcutaneous red blood cell motion; the data obtained has produced remarkably a characteristic decay time of the light intensity temporal correlation function being five times larger for patients of the group with developing open pressure injuries as compared with the group exhibiting healthier stage. The quantitative determination of the characteristic time required a definite picture of scatterer motion. For quantitative study the crucial problem to solve is a proper account for the scattering anisotropy. We perform comparative simulations of the diffuse photon density wave (DPDW) signals and the temporal intensity correlation functions either with the Henyey-Greenstein (HG) or Rayleigh-Gans (RG) phase functions, which we consider is more appropriate as the hard sphere suspension model for imitating a tissue. We find that for a half space geometry the results obtained for these two scattering patterns turn to be quite close; however for finite size tissue geometries results of simulations of the source-detector plot for backscattered intensity differ noticeably at small distances; simulating the temporal correlation function with these two phase functions we find the blood flow to be different for different scattering patterns in case of spatial restrictions. The DPDW methodology is widely used in a number of biomedical applications. Here we present results of Monte Carlo simulations that employ an effective numerical procedure, based upon a description of radiative transfer in terms of the Bethe-Salpeter equation, and compare them with measurements from Intralipid aqueous solutions. We find the Monte Carlo simulations and measurements to be in a very good agreement for a wide range of source-detector separations.
Pressure injuries (PIs) originate beneath the surface of the skin at the interface between bone and soft tissue. We used diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy (DNIRS) to predict the development of PIs by measuring dermal and subcutaneous red cell motion and optical absorption and scattering properties in 11 spinal cord injury subjects with only nonbleachable redness in the sacrococcygeal area in a rehabilitation hospital and 20 healthy volunteers. A custom optical probe was developed to obtain continuous DCS and DNIRS data from sacrococcygeal tissue while the subjects were placed in supine and lateral positions to apply pressure from body weight and to release pressure, respectively. Rehabilitation patients were measured up to four times over a two-week period. Three rehabilitation patients developed open PIs (POs) within four weeks and eight patients did not (PNOs). Temporal correlation functions in the area of redness were significantly different (p<0.01) during both baseline and applied pressure stages for POs and PNOs. The results show that our optical method may be used for the early prediction of ulcer progression.
KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Scattering, Sensors, Diffusion, Modulation, Diffuse photon density waves, Anisotropy, Signal detection, Photon transport, Tissues
Diffuse photon density wave (DPDW) methodology is widely used in a number of biomedical applications. Here, we present results of Monte Carlo simulations that employ an effective numerical procedure based upon a description of radiative transfer in terms of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. A multifrequency noncontact DPDW system was used to measure aqueous solutions of intralipid at a wide range of source–detector separation distances, at which the diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation is generally considered to be invalid. We find that the signal–noise ratio is larger for the considered algorithm in comparison with the conventional Monte Carlo approach. Experimental data are compared to the Monte Carlo simulations using several values of scattering anisotropy and to the diffusion approximation. Both the Monte Carlo simulations and diffusion approximation were in very good agreement with the experimental data for a wide range of source–detector separations. In addition, measurements with different wavelengths were performed to estimate the size and scattering anisotropy of scatterers.
The Diffuse Photon Density Wave (DPDW) methodology is widely used in a number of biomedical applications. Here we present results of Monte Carlo simulations that employ an effective numerical procedure, based upon a description of radiative transfer in terms of the Bethe-Salpeter equation, and compare them with measurements from Intralipid aqueous solutions. In our scheme every act of scattering contributes to the signal. We find the Monte Carlo simulations and measurements to be in a very good agreement for a wide range of source –detector separations.
The ability to determine the depth and degree of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue damage is critical for medical
applications such as burns and pressure ulcers. The Diffuse Photon Density Wave (DPDW) methodology at near infrared
wavelengths can be used to non-invasively measure the optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of tissue at
depths of several millimeters. A multi-frequency DPDW system with one light source and one detector was constructed
so that light is focused onto the tissue surface using an optical fiber and lens mounted to a digitally-controlled actuator
which changes the distance between light source and detector. A variable RF generator enables the modulation frequency
to be selected between 50 to 400MHz. The ability to digitally control both source-detector separation distance and
modulation frequency allows for virtually unlimited number of data points, enabling precise selection of the volume and
depth of tissue that will be characterized. Suspensions of Intralipid and india ink with known absorption and reduced
scattering coefficients were used as optical phantoms to assess device accuracy. Solid silicon phantoms were formulated
for stability testing. Standard deviations for amplitude and phase shift readings were found to be 0.9% and 0.2 degrees
respectively, over a one hour period. The ability of the system to quantify tissue damage in vivo at multiple depths was
tested in a porcine burn model.
We study coherent and non-coherent backscattering of circularly polarized light from turbid media. We find that the sign
of helicity of circular polarized light does not change for a medium of point-like scatterers and can change significantly for
the medium with high anisotropy of scatterers. The helicity flip is observed when the light scattering is described in terms
of the Henyey-Greenstein scattering phase function. The angular dependence of the sum of coherent and non-coherent
parts of backscattering also exhibits a helicity flip.
Using a combination of the stochastic technique and the iteration procedure of the solution to BSE, numerical computational method is developed for stochastic modelling of coherent effects in a multiple scattering medium. It is shown that additional phase-related factors in framework of ladder diagrams are equivalent to multiplication of the statistical weights by corresponding factors after each scattering event during the random walk of a photon packet. The Monte Carlo technique is generalized for the simulation of the coherent backscattering and temporal field correlation function of optical radiation. The developed model yields qualitative results that are ready for direct comparison against theoretical predications.
Based on the collation of the stochastic Monte Carlo technique and the iteration procedure of the solution of Bethe-Salpeter equation, it is shown that simulation of optical path of photons undergoing n-th scattering event is directly agreed with the n-th order ladder diagram calculation approach. In frame of this correspondence the Monte Carlo technique is generalised for simulation of coherent back-scattering and temporal intensity/field auto-correlation functions of optical radiation scattered within the randomly inhomogeneous turbid medium. The results of simulation demonstrate a good agreement with the diffusing wave theory and experimental results.
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