Analysis of variations and trends in the total ozone content (TOC) at the Kislovodsk High-Altitude Scientific Station is done based on measurements with the Brewer MkII #043 spectrophotometer in 1989–2020. Seasonally dependent estimates of long-term trends and interannual changes in TOC under the influence of the 11-year solar cycle, the quasibiennial oscillation in the equatorial stratosphere, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation are obtained. The TOC trend is positive in 1989–2002 (1.6% per decade) and negative in 2003–2020 (–1.2% per decade). The obtained characteristics of ozone variability indicate a special character of interannual and long-term evolution of TOC over the North Caucasus. Particularly, the TOC trends over the North Caucasus region are opposite in sign to the trends of zonal mean TOC values.
Reducing emissions of some ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) entails uneven recovery of the ozone layer as it is also affected by ODSs emissions that not restricted by the Montreal Protocol. In this regard, there remains a need to continue monitoring the total ozone content (TOC) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as to ensure the uniformity of the measurements obtained in comparison with the data for previous decades. The network of Brewer spectrophotometers, operating since the early 1980s, is one of the oldest global systems that provides high-accuracy TOC and spectral UV radiation data. A new cross-platform database application for storing measurements, internal tests and instrumental constants of Brewer spectrophotometers is under development by A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of RAS. This application is capable of running on the computers with Windows, Linux, or macOS and has one code base. The database application of the Brewer measurements is an ASP.NET Core MVC web application with a cross-platform embedded SQLite DBMS as persistent storage. The Brewer measurements database itself is implemented as a .NET Standard shared library in the C# programming language using Entity Framework (EF) Core as an object-relational mapping tool. The application represents data in a hierarchical or relational manner, with the data rationalized into discrete entity classes. All entities are mapped to their database tables with columns corresponding to the properties of the entity classes. Proposed the database application will allow maintaining the integrity and consistency of TOC and UV measurements on Brewer spectrophotometers of the global network.
The recovery of the ozone layer observed since 1998 may still be unstable, and therefore the task of ensuring uniformity of ozone observations as compared with measurements of previous decades continues to be important. The network of fully automated Brewer spectrophotometers operated since the earlier 1980s is one of the oldest global systems providing data for the ozone and UV radiation assessments. The existing software for control Brewer spectrophotometers was created more than 35 years ago and is in need of redeveloping to continue the long-term observations on the computer platforms with modern multitasking operating systems. New cross-platform operating software for Brewer spectrophotometer is under development by a group of researchers from OIAP of RAS. In this software, the implementation of its own “lightweight” version of the Model/View/Controller programming pattern is applied because using the Model/View architecture of the Qt framework with a large amount of data makes high demands on the computational capabilities of the host that controlling the observations. This circumstance does not allow the use of mobile devices (smartphones and tablets), which are gaining popularity in recent years, as a controlling host. This design pattern divides the application code into three interconnected components: into application data, interfaces of spectrophotometer and user for their use, and control logic. Modification of each of these components can be carried out independently. The software is developed in the C++ programming language using the cross-platform Qt framework, while the relational database SQLite is used as a persistent storage. The proposed model of software development for controlling a spectrophotometer ensures the integrity and consistency of the obtained measurement data and at the same time significantly reduces the amount of code being developed.
KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Databases, Spectrophotometry, Ozone, Data storage, Computer architecture, Ultraviolet radiation, Systems modeling, Human-machine interfaces, Data communications
Recovery of the ozone layer likely caused by prohibiting some ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol and observed since 1998 is uneven. In this regard, the tasks remain to continue monitoring the ozone layer and to provide the homogeneity of the observations obtained in comparison with the measurements of previous decades. One of the oldest global systems providing ozone data is the network of fully automated Brewer spectrophotometers operated since the earlier 1980s. The existing software for control Brewer spectrophotometer was created more than 35 years ago and is in need of redeveloping to continue long-term observations of in the face of changing computer platforms. A new crossplatform control software for the Brewer is being developed, which is capable of running on computers with modern multitasking operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), and at the same time it has a one codebase. In the new software, the Model-View architecture is implemented to separate the code of measurement data (models) from the code of their display to the user (views). The model is responsible for data management and provides an interface for reading and writing this data, and the view retrieves the necessary data from the model, reacting to its changes, and sends the data to the user, placing them properly in the GUI of application. The developed database of the new software for storing measurement data and instrumental constants consists of more than 30 tables and stores about 800 pieces of information. Models are developed in the C++ programming language using the cross-platform Qt framework, and the relational database SQLite is used as a persistent storage. This software allows improving the quality and uniformity of TOC and UV radiation measurements on the Brewer spectrophotometers of the global ozone network.
Observed since 1998 recovery of the ozone layer likely caused by prohibiting some ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol may be unstable. Therefore the homogeneity of the ozone observations in comparison with data of previous decades continues to be important. The network of fully automated Brewer spectrophotometers operated since the earlier 1980s is one of the oldest global systems providing data for the ozone assessments. The existing software for control Brewer spectrophotometers was created more than 35 years ago and is in need of redeveloping to continue the long-term observations in the face of changing computer platforms. New cross-platform operating software for the Brewer is under development by a group of researchers from OIAP of RAS. The software is capable of running on computers with modern multitasking operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), and at the same time it has one codebase. In the new Brewer operating software, the Model/View architecture is implemented to separate the code of measurement data (models) from the code of rendering this data to the user or spectrophotometer (views). The model is responsible for data management and provides an interface for reading and writing this data, and the view retrieves the necessary data from the model, reacting to its changes, and sends the data to the user (or spectrophotometer), placing them properly in the GUI of application or into the serial port interface to which a spectrophotometer is connected. Models are developed in the C++ programming language using the cross-platform Qt framework, while the relational database SQLite is used as a persistent storage. The developed database of the new software for storing measurement data and instrumental constants consists of more than 30 tables and stores about 800 pieces of information. This software allows keeping the quality and uniformity of ozone and UV-radiation measurements on the Brewer spectrophotometers of the global ozone network.
The current control software for the Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer was created over 30 years ago for MS-DOS computers and has poor compatibility with modern software and hardware platforms. The new cross-platform software for controlling the Brewer is able to run on actual operating system for computers, tablets and smartphones, and at the same time has a one codebase. The observation data and configuration constants of the spectrophotometer are stored in the embedded relational SQLite database. The core of the application is written in C++ based cross-platform Qt framework, and the observation routines is implemented in Qt script interpreted scripting language and is integrated into the core of the application.
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