Optical modules are the basic building blocks of 5G transport networks, data center intra- and inter-connections. This paper focus on technical solutions and standardization status of 800Gb/s optical modules, as well as the maturity of the industry chain of core optoelectronic chips inside the optical module. First, application scenarios and requirements of 800Gb/s optical modules were analyzed. Second, technical solutions and standardization progress of 8×100Gb/s PAM4, 4×200Gb/s PAM4 and 800Gb/s coherent optical modules with different transmission distances were studied.
The 5G fronthaul optical modules are the basic building block of the 5G network and WDM solutions are desired. Application code of MWDM has just been defined in ITU SG15 in December 2021 and are currently under intense study, naming draft recommendation G.owdm2. We organized the investigation and evaluation of MWDM optical modules from different vendors. Key parameters of optical/electrical interface have been tested and analyzed, including wavelength deviation, 20dB bandwidth, total mean output power, optical sensitivity, optical path penalty, eye diagram, power consumption as well as DDM function. Current commercial 25G MWDM optical modules are demonstrated capable to support transmission in O band covering almost all scenarios of 5G fronthaul.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has advantage to provide information-theoretical security key sharing based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics. Single photon detectors (SPD) are crucial components of discrete variable (DV) QKD system, which influence the key generation rate, transmission distance, and even security of the system. For multivendor commercialized DV-QKD system, the characteristic and performance of SPDs are also the focus of measurement and standardization. In this paper, the single photon detection technology in QKD system is briefly reviewed, the measurement schemes of avalanche photodiode (APD) based SPD components in commercial DV-QKD system are proposed and analyzed, and the recent standardization progress of SPD component in China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) are discussed.
An accurate and practical model of non-linear-interference noise (NLIN) is the key enabler for the quality of transmission (QoT) estimation tool, which predicts the penalty of transmission impairments. For next generation 400G/800G coherent transponders, probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) and digital sub-carrier multiplexing (DSCM) are used to provide better transmission performance and finer data rate adaptability. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is little information so far about how to evaluate the penalty of NLIN in 400G/800G systems with PCS and DSCM, as traditional Gaussian noise (GN) or enhanced GN (EGN) model can not deal with such a problem directly. In this paper, we propose a modified EGN model to take into account the impact of PCS and DSCM on 400G/800G transmission system by performing simulations and experiments. To fully validate the accuracy of our model, a set of real-time experiments of 400G and 800G transmission system within 100/112.5GHz channel spacing, using 95GBaud commercial coherent modules. The 400G real-time transmission platform includes 10 spans of 75km G.652 fiber and all EDFA amplification is used, while the 800G link is limited to 5 spans G.652 fiber due to its higher OSNR requirement. The experiment result shows that the maximum estimation deviation of non-linearity induced OSNR penalty for the modified EGN model is about 0.3 dB under different transmission scenarios. We believe our work could potentially provide an effective and accurate tool for QoT estimation, paving the way for future physical-layer-aware management and control of high-capacity and flexible optical networks.
The 5G fronthaul optical modules are the basic building block of the 5G network. With the further development of 5G, the shortage of optical fiber resources will gradually become prominent, and WDM solutions are desired. There are currently 4 WDM scheme candidates, CWDM, MWDM, LWDM and DWDM, and the debate over this issue continues. We organized the investigation and evaluation of one typical type of 25G optical modules (CWDM) from different vendors. Key parameters of optical/electrical interface have been tested and analysed, including spectrum characteristics, total mean output power, sensitivity, optical path penalty, eye diagram, power consumption as well as DDM function. Current commercial 25G CWDM optical modules are demonstrated capable to support 10 km transmission, covering almost all scenarios of 5G fronthaul.
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