Dr. Wolfgang Goes Profile

Dr. Wolfgang Goes

at SILVACO Europe Ltd.

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Publications (3)

Proceedings Article | 31 January 2022 Paper

Advances in modeling emerging magnetoresistive random access memories: from finite element methods to machine learning approaches

Johannes Ender, Simone Fiorentini, Roberto L. de Orio, Tomáš Hadámek, Mario Bendra, Wolfgang Goes, Siegfried Selberherr, Viktor Sverdlov

Proceedings Volume 12157, 1215708 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2624595

KEYWORDS: Switching, Magnetism, Finite element methods, Ferromagnetics, 3D modeling, Neural networks, Machine learning, Anisotropy, Diffusion, Resistance

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Emerging spin transfer torque magnetoresistive random access memories (STT MRAM) are nonvolatile and offer high speed and endurance. They are promising for stand-alone and embedded applications in the automotive industry, microcontrollers, Internet of Things, frame buffer memory, and slow SRAM. The MRAM cell usually includes a CoFeB fixed reference layer and a free magnetic layer (FL), separated by a tunnel barrier. To design ultra-scaled MRAM cells it is necessary to accurately model the torques acting on the magnetization in composite magnetic layers with one or several nonmagnetic inclusions between the ferromagnetic parts. The magnetization dynamics is governed by the Landau-Lifshitz- Gilbert (LLG) equation supplemented with the corresponding torques. The torques depend on nonequilibrium spin accumulation generated by an electric current. The electric current and the spin accumulation also depend on the magnetization. Therefore, the LLG and the spin-charge transport equations are coupled and must be solved simultaneously.

We apply the finite element method (FEM) to numerically solve this coupled system of partial differential equations. To develop an open source solver, we use well-developed C++ FEM libraries. The computationally most expensive part is the demagnetizing field calculation. It is performed by a hybrid finite element-boundary element method. This confines the simulation domain for the field evaluation to the ferromagnets only. Advanced compression algorithms for large, dense matrices are used to optimize the performance of the demagnetizing field calculation in complex structures. To evaluate the torques acting on the magnetization, a coupled spin and charge transport approach is implemented. For the computation of the torques acting in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), a magnetization-dependent resistivity of the tunnel barrier is introduced. A fully three-dimensional solution of the equations is performed to accurately model the torques acting on the magnetization. The use of a unique set of equations for the whole memory cell including the FL, fixed layer, contacts, and nonmagnetic spacers is one of the advantages of our approach. To incorporate the temperature increase due to the electric current, we solve the heat transport equation coupled to the electron, spin, and magnetization dynamics, and we demonstrate that the FL temperature is highly inhomogeneous due to a non-uniform magnetization of the FL during switching.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) MRAM is fast-switching and thus well suitable for caches. By means of micromagnetic simulations, we demonstrate the purely electrical switching of a perpendicular FL by the SOTs due to two orthogonal short current pulses. To further optimize the pulse sequence, a machine learning approach based on reinforcement learning is employed. Importantly, a neural network trained on a fixed material parameter set achieves switching for a wide range of material parameter variations.

Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation + Paper

Reinforcement learning approach for deterministic SOT-MRAM switching

Johannes Ender, Roberto L. de Orio, Simone Fiorentini, Siegfried Selberherr, Wolfgang Goes, Viktor Sverdlov

Proceedings Volume 11805, 1180519 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2593937

KEYWORDS: Switching, Neural networks, Picosecond phenomena, Solids, Metals, Magnetism, Switches, Anisotropy, Performance modeling, Machine learning

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Presentation + Paper

Comprehensive modeling of coupled spin-charge transport and magnetization dynamics in STT-MRAM cells

Simone Fiorentini, Johannes Ender, Mohamed Mohamedou, Siegfried Selberherr, Roberto de Orio, Wolfgang Goes, Viktor Sverdlov

Proceedings Volume 11470, 114701B (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2567480

KEYWORDS: Switching, Electroluminescent displays, Magnetism, Resistance, Ferromagnetics, Electrons, Metals, Thermal modeling, Scattering

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