Ms. Xi Hou Profile

Xi Hou

at Tianjin Univ

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Publications (2)

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2020 Paper

A lock-in photon-counting based single pixel imaging toward real-time multi-wavelength SFD-DOT

Mai Dan, Tongxin Li, Xi Hou, Feng Gao

Proceedings Volume 11234, 112341L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2541785

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Modulation, Spatial frequencies, Signal detection, Tissues, Tomography, Light sources, Imaging systems, Diffuse optical imaging, Scattering

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We have developed a real-time multi-wavelength spatial frequency domain (SFD) diffuse optical tomography (DOT) to characterize the optical properties of biological tissues, using single-pixel imaging based on lock-in photon-counting. In our approach, three laser diodes at wavelengths of 450 nm, 520 nm and 635 nm, are intensity-modulated by square waves of three frequencies (temporal-encoding), respectively, and focused into the first digital micromirror device (DMD) to generate a sinusoidal illumination pattern at selected spatial frequencies. The reflected light from the surface of turbid medium are spatially integrated by the second DMD, successively using sampling patterns based on the two- dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) bases around the spatial modulation frequencies (spatial-compressing). The temporally encoded and spatially compressed multi-wavelength signals that are detected from photomultiplier tube are firstly demodulated by a highly-sensitive lock-in photon-counting module for temporal-decoding, and then uncompressed into the spatial frequency domain images by the inverse DCT, from which tomographic images of the absorption coefficient are finally reconstructed using the first-order Rytov approximation of the diffusion equation. The phantom experiments show that the proposed method can achieve a reconstruction error within 10%, and a temporal resolution of less than 10 s.

Proceedings Article | 1 March 2019 Paper

A multi-wavelength single-pixel SFD imaging system based on lock-in photon-counting detection

Xi Hou, Tongxin Li, Kuanxin Zhao, Mai Dan, Feng Gao

Proceedings Volume 10874, 108741V (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2507406

KEYWORDS: Modulation, Imaging systems, Signal detection, Tissues, Absorption, Optical properties, Modulation transfer functions, Time metrology

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Spatial frequency domain (SFD) imaging offers a wide-field modality to effectively characterize the optical properties (absorption and scattering coefficients), and furthermore to calculate the chromophore concentrations from multiwavelength measurements, in biological tissues. Previous SFD imaging systems mostly capture the two-dimensional reflected light using an expensive charge-coupled device camera that requires switching between the multi-wavelength collections. With recent proliferation in low-cost and technology we present herein a highly-sensitive novel single-pixel SFD imaging system for simultaneous and acquisition of multi-wavelength images. In the approach, three LED-sources at 455-nm, 530-nm and 660-nm wavelengths are temporally modulated at different frequencies, and all focused to the first digital micromirror device (DMD) to generate a wide-field sinusoidal illumination on tissues. The reflected signal is spatially integrated by the second DMD that is coded according to the transform matrix, and fed into a lock-in photoncounting module and temporally demodulated to extract the signals at each wavelength. The SFD images at each wavelength are recovered by single-pixel imaging algorithm, respectively, and then used to calculate the modulation transfer function for extraction of the optical properties. The proposed system is experimentally validated on phantoms, demonstrating the system stability, measurement linearity, negligible inter-wavelength crosstalk, and recovery effectiveness.

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