Limited by the principle of multi-angle intersection measurement, photoelectric scanning measurement systems such as workshop Measuring and Positioning System (wMPS) and indoor Global Positioning System (iGPS) have systematical positioning errors when measuring moving targets. Fusing target movement information can effectively compensate the positioning error introduced by the relative motion between the target and the transmitter. Inertial measurement systems are capable of high-frequency, all-weather and autonomous rotation and acceleration measurement. They have good measurement complementarity with photoelectric scanning measurement systems. Integrating movement information from inertial measurement unit (IMU) is an effective method to improve the dynamic measurement performance. Inertial information fusion needs two preconditions: the first one is clock synchronization and the second one is spatial alignment. In response to the two problems above, we research on wMPS and propose a wMPS-IMU integrated online calibration method. The time offset of the two systems is precisely calibrated by compensating the delay between the wMPS reference clock and the IMU clock. Due to the fact that wMPS receivers and the IMU are connected as a rigid body, the rotation R and the translation T between the wMPS and the IMU can be easily calibrated through a linear estimation method. Our novel method benefits to achieve real-time online temporal and spatial calibration without the help of any external measurement equipment and prior information and significantly improves the applicability of wMPS. Verification experiments were carried out. A three-axis turntable and a linear guide were utilized as the roundness and straightness references. The calibration experiment shows that the calibration accuracy of our method is at the same level as that achieved from the high accuracy coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The precision evaluation experiment shows that the hybrid wMPS-IMU system calibrated through the proposed method has slightly better dynamic performance than that calibrated on a CMM. This method is fully verified to be effective.
This paper presents a multi-dimensional evaluation method of the angle measurement performance for the transmitter of the photoelectric scanning measurement network. As a distributed measurement system based on the multi-angle intersection, the accuracy of the angle measurement of the transmitter directly determines the measurement accuracy of the entire system. At present, there are few methods of evaluating the angle measurement performance for the transmitter. Multiple receivers are placed around the transmitter in a certain order and kept at the same level as much as possible. Based on circumferential closure and statistical knowledge, this method can evaluate the angle repeatability of different angle positions and the rotational speed volatility of the angular separations between adjacent receivers. The rotational speed volatility of the transmitter is important for the optimization of the angle measurement performance of the transmitter. Through experiments, we find that the method can reflect more information about the shafting, which can provide a good reference for the subsequent system upgrade.
This paper introduces an improved 6DOF measurement method for the non-overlapping multi-camera systems. In contrast to the existing equal-weighted bundle adjustment methods, the proposed method assigns an uncertainty based weight to each of the non-overlapping cameras. The measurement uncertainty evaluation framework is established based on the implicit function theorem. The weight assignment criterion enables the camera in a better observation condition to provide stronger constraints. The 6DOF parameters are obtained by optimizing the uncertainty-weighted space resection model with the nonlinear squares solver. The experiment results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method to cope with poor observation conditions.
An angle verification method to verify the angle measurement performance of the rotary-laser system was developed. Angle measurement performance has a great impact on measuring accuracy. Although there is some previous research on the verification of angle measuring uncertainty for the rotary-laser system, there are still some limitations. High-precision reference angles are used in the study of the method, and an integrated verification platform is set up to evaluate the performance of the system. This paper also probes the error that has biggest influence on the verification system. Some errors of the verification system are avoided via the experimental method, and some are compensated through the computational formula and curve fitting. Experimental results show that the angle measurement performance meets the requirement for coordinate measurement. The verification platform can evaluate the uncertainty of angle measurement for the rotary-laser system efficiently.
Absolute distance measurement techniques are of significant interest in the field of large volume metrology. Ones which could offer an ability of ADM and high accuracy will improve the efficiency and the quality of large assemblies. Frequency scanning interferometry (FSI) is a kind of ADM technique which use a variable synthetic-wavelength achieved by tuning the optical frequency continuously. FSI could offer a relative accuracy of several ppm in a range of tens of meters. In a FSI ranging system, it is necessary to get knowledge of the tuning range of optical frequency, which could be done by using of gas absorption cell, femtosecond laser comb, F-P etalon and the most used: a predicted auxiliary interferometer. As the result of the measurement is calculated by the tuning range of optical frequency, a length drift of the auxiliary interferometer will make a contribution in error of the result. Analysis of sampling error caused by the drift of the auxiliary interferometer has been done and a real-time compensation system has been proposed to minimize the drift of the auxiliary interferometer. The simulation has proved the analysis and the error has been decreased.
Large-scale dynamic three-dimension coordinate measurement technique is eagerly demanded in equipment manufacturing. Noted for advantages of high accuracy, scale expandability and multitask parallel measurement, optoelectronic scanning measurement network has got close attention. It is widely used in large components jointing, spacecraft rendezvous and docking simulation, digital shipbuilding and automated guided vehicle navigation. At present, most research about optoelectronic scanning measurement network is focused on static measurement capacity and research about dynamic accuracy is insufficient. Limited by the measurement principle, the dynamic error is non-negligible and restricts the application. The workshop measurement and positioning system is a representative which can realize dynamic measurement function in theory. In this paper we conduct deep research on dynamic error resources and divide them two parts: phase error and synchronization error. Dynamic error model is constructed. Based on the theory above, simulation about dynamic error is carried out. Dynamic error is quantized and the rule of volatility and periodicity has been found. Dynamic error characteristics are shown in detail. The research result lays foundation for further accuracy improvement.
The workshop Measurement and Positioning System (wMPS) based on the rotary-laser scanning technology has been widely applied in the manufacturing industry to provide an accurate and robust coordinate measurement. However, some vibration-related problems in the rotating machinery inevitably exist. These problems influence the measurement accuracy of wMPS and even reduce its service life. In this paper, the rotating machinery vibration analysis of wMPS is introduced. Some significant factors causing vibrations, such as the mass imbalance of the rotor, are discussed. The vibration signals of rotating machinery are captured experimentally by the three-axis accelerometer. These raw vibration signals are processed by the data pretreatment, the time-domain analysis and the frequency-domain analysis. Based on these analyses, some evaluation criteria of rotating machinery vibration are introduced. These criteria provide guidance to the fault detection and ensure the ongoing operational condition of wMPS.
In high precision and large-scale coordinate measurement, one commonly used approach to determine the coordinate of a target point is utilizing the spatial trigonometric relationships between multiple laser transmitter stations and the target point. A light receiving device at the target point is the key element in large-scale coordinate measurement systems. To ensure high-resolution and highly sensitive spatial coordinate measurement, a high-performance and miniaturized omnidirectional single-point photodetector (OSPD) is greatly desired. We report one design of OSPD using an aspheric lens, which achieves an enhanced reception angle of −5 deg to 45 deg in vertical and 360 deg in horizontal. As the heart of our OSPD, the aspheric lens is designed in a geometric model and optimized by LightTools Software, which enables the reflection of a wide-angle incident light beam into the single-point photodiode. The performance of home-made OSPD is characterized with working distances from 1 to 13 m and further analyzed utilizing developed a geometric model. The experimental and analytic results verify that our device is highly suitable for large-scale coordinate metrology. The developed device also holds great potential in various applications such as omnidirectional vision sensor, indoor global positioning system, and optical wireless communication systems.
The workshop Measurement Positioning System (wMPS) is a large-scale measurement system that better copes with the current challenges of dimensional metrology. However, as a distributed measuring system with multiple transmitters forming a spatial measurement network, the network topology of transmitters relative to the receiver exerts a significant influence on the measurement accuracy albeit one that is difficult to quantify. An evaluation metric, termed the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP), is introduced to quantify the quality of the network topology of the wMPS. The GDOP is derived from the measurement error model of wMPS and its mathematical derivation is expounded. Two significant factors (density and layout of the transmitter) affecting the network topology are analyzed by simulations and experiments. The experimental results show that GDOP is approximately proportional to the measurement error. More transmitters, and a relatively good layout thereof, can decrease the value of GDOP and the measurement error.
Automatic guided vehicle (AGV) as a kind of mobile robot has been widely used in many applications. For better adapting to the complex working environment, more and more AGVs are designed to be omnidirectional by being equipped with Mecanum wheels for increasing their flexibility and maneuverability. However, as the AGV with this kind of wheels suffers from the position errors mainly because of the frequent slipping property, how to measure its position accurately in real time is an extremely important issue. Among the ways of achieving it, the photoelectric scanning methodology based on angle measurement is efficient. Hence, we propose a feasible method to ameliorate the positioning process, which mainly integrates four photoelectric receivers and one laser transmitter. To verify the practicality and accuracy, actual experiments and computer simulations have been conducted. In the simulation, the theoretical positioning error is less than 0.28 mm in a 10 m×10 m space. In the actual experiment, the performances about the stability, accuracy, and dynamic capability of this method were inspected. It demonstrates that the system works well and the performance of the position measurement is high enough to fulfill the mainstream tasks.
This paper presents a new 3D coordinate measurement method based on linear camera equipped with cylindrical lenses (LCEWCL). The LCEWCL has prominent advantages in high-precision coordinate measurement and dynamic position-tracking owning to the high resolution and outstanding frame rate of linear CCD. Every LCEWCL is a one-dimensional angle-measuring unit which can confirm a plane passing through the light spot. With three or more LCEWCLs arrangement in front of the measurement field, the 3D spatial coordinate of the light spot is reconstructed by multi-angle intersection. Experiments are conducted to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method and good results have been obtained.
KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Receivers, Mathematical modeling, Navigation systems, Laser optics, Laser systems engineering, Calibration, Data processing, Singular optics, Global Positioning System
The workshop Measuring Position System (wMPS) based on intersection of optical planes is widely applied in large-scale metrology. However, in guidance areas concerning more about horizontal directions such as in the area of transporting with AGVs, the coordinate of z axis which represents the height of the vehicle is of no particular importance. Also, the installation and parameters calibration of wMPS is complex and time-consuming. In this paper, a new method with single transmitter measuring two dimensional coordinate to guide the moving object (except the vertical direction) is proposed and demonstrated. The three dimensional coordinate of receiver was calculated if its horizontal angle, vertical angle and the coordinate of vertical direction are given. In order to get the receiver’s horizontal and vertical angle, a serious of mathematical formulas was derived from a model of single transmitter with two rotating laser planes. The coordinate of vertical direction was obtained by the laser tracker and mapped from laser tracker coordinates to transmitter coordinates. Concerning that the coordinate of the vertical direction remains almost the same if the object moves in the level ground, a series of vertical-direction coordinates of moving object was measured beforehand and the average value of coordinates was the approximate vertical-direction coordinates of every point. To verify this method, the points acquired by the transmitter were remeasured by the laser tracker. Finally, the coordinates were compared and the results were analyzed. The experiment results show that the method’s measuring accuracy has reached 5mm.
The traditional measurement method for a hand-held probe with two sensors in large-scale measurements magnifies the uncertainty significantly when the distance between the tip and the nearest sensor is increased in order to touch the measurement points in the shadowed zone. To reduce the precision loss in that case, we propose a new method that only utilizes the colinear characteristic of the sensors on our newly designed probe. Hence, the principle of intersection can be used to determine the coordinate of the measurement point by holding the probe to touch the point in two or more different directions. This method is helpful to keep a low uncertainty in the case where increasing the distance between the tip and the nearest sensor is necessary. Correspondingly, the algorithms used to make the probe work its best, as well as the detailed derivations, are given. An experiment is then shown to verify the efficacy of the new design and the proposed method. The results indicate that the new design and the new method can reduce the precision loss remarkably in the case where the distance between the tip and the nearest sensor has to be increased.
A system composed of laser sensor and 6-DOF industrial robot is proposed to obtain complete three-dimensional (3-D) information of the object surface. Suitable for the different combining ways of laser sensor and robot, a new method to calibrate the position and pose between sensor and robot is presented. By using a standard sphere with known radius as a reference tool, the rotation and translation matrices between the laser sensor and robot are computed, respectively in two steps, so that many unstable factors introduced in conventional optimization methods can be avoided. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed calibration method can be achieved up to 0.062 mm. The calibration method is also implemented into the automated robot scanning system to reconstruct a car door panel.
The robot vision measure system based on stereovision is a very meaningful research realm within the engineering application. In this system, the industry robot is the movable carrier of the stereovision sensor, not only extending the work space of the sensor, but also reserving the characteristics of vision measure technology such as non-contact, quickness, etc. Controlling the pose of the robot in space, the stereovision sensor can arrive at the given point to collect the image signal of the given point one by one, and then obtain the 3D coordinate data after computing the image data. The method based on the technique of binocular stereovision sensor, which uses two transit instruments and one precision drone to carry out the whole calibration, is presented. At the same time, the measurement program of the robot and the computer was written in different program language. In the end, the system was tested carefully, and the feasibility was proved simultaneously.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.