In the background-oriented schlieren (BOS), the 3D deflection caused by refractive index gradient is projected onto the camera imaging plane with one dimension leaved out, and sensed as a 2D displacement using the images of background with and without the flow field. In the reconstruction, instead of decomposing the 2D displacement as in previous studies, we project the elements in the BOS weight matrix to 2D. By doing so, this technique reduces memory usage and improves the reconstruction time as the number of rows in the weight matrix is decreased by a third, and the errors produced in 2D displacement decomposition are avoided.
Waveform decomposition techniques are commonly used to extract attributes of targets from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) waveforms. The conventional Gaussian decomposition (GD) cannot deal with system waveforms (SWs) with non-Gaussian shapes, whereas the recently proposed B-spline-based decomposition method holds an assumption of similarity transformation. We present a multi-Gaussian decomposition (MGD) algorithm that employs a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to represent the SW. Compared with the GD algorithm, the MGD algorithm exploits the characteristic of the SW using the GMM and hence can fit the received waveforms better than the GD algorithm. In contrast to the B-spline-based method, the proposed algorithm holds a more reasonable assumption that a received waveform is a convolution result of the SW with the target response, which accords with the ranging principle better. The MGD algorithm was validated using the experimental waveforms with negative tails collected by our self-designed LiDAR system. The GD algorithm and the B-spline-based decomposition were also introduced and studied for comparison. The experimental results show that the GMM with six components fit the SW with an acceptable residual. The experimental results also show that the MGD algorithm produced better decomposition results than the other two algorithms in terms of range retrieval, whereas the B-spline-based decomposition showed the best performance with regards to the root-mean-square-error for waveform fitting.
Waveform light detection and ranging detection (LiDAR) systems capture the entire backscattered signal from the interaction of the laser beam with objects located within the laser footprint. The target response (TR) is a time-dependent curve implying the geophysical attribute of the detected objects. TR restoration by removing the effect of the system waveform (SW) from the received waveform is crucial but suffers from ill-posedness. We recast the deconvolution problem to a nonlinear least squares problem and use the proposed method to deal with the LiDAR waveforms with negative tails. The proposed method is an iterative algorithm starting with a practical initial TR seen as the combination of parts of the deconvolution results obtained by the L1- and L2-regularization methods, then ending by a stopping criteria set empirically. A set of hybrid LiDAR waveforms constructed by the SW of our LiDAR and the synthetic TRs are employed to evaluate the performance of the TR retrieval. The results show the superior performance of the proposed method in both reconstructions of the flattened and sharp curves of the TRs as compared to the L1- and L2-regularization methods. This demonstrates the potential of the nonlinear least squares method for retrieving the range and geometric physical information from the LiDAR waveforms.
The starting and the stopping of the moving carrier can cause tens of thousands of gravitational accelerations of mechanical impact, which may lead to the damage of photoelectric detection parts, especially the optical system. For the study of the anti-overload ability of the optical system in strong impact environment, based on the finite element modeling method, taking the optical system with a diameter of 35 mm lens as the subject, the deformations and the stress nephograms of different materials of optical lenses under 10000g impact condition are obtained and the influences of different lens mounting structures on anti-overload ability of the system is analyzed. The consistency of the simulation results and the physical model test results, fully illustrates the correctness of the theory and the model. This paper explores an effective way for the analysis of the mechanical and structural evolution characteristics of optical system in strong impact environment.
Recently, with the rapid development of unmanned vehicles, When laser radar is used in road graphing of unmanned vehicles, due to the height limitation of the vehicle, the angle between the detection axis of the laser radar and the normal line of the road surface is large, and the probe beam is in a grazing incidence state, which is close to the normal incidence of the conventional laser radar. There is a big difference in detection imaging. This difference has a crucial impact on the rangefinder imaging capabilities of Laser Radar, but to best of the authors’ knowledge, there has not been any papers published studying with this particular working condition. In this paper, we are the first to establish the simulation model of the laser radar ranging signal based on the principle of light transmission delay, and obtains the influence curve of laser oblique incidence, road roughness, and pit package on the laser echo waveform by numerical calculation. Based on this, an experimental system for testing the ranging signal of the laser radar at high angle incidence conditions was established on the prototype of a single-line laser radar, and the laser echo waveforms under different incident angles and road surface conditions were tested. The curves in the numerical analysis have a good consistency, which verifies the correctness of the theoretical model. In addition, it shows that the model we proposed is an effective tool for quantitatively analyzing the influence of pavement characteristics on the laser echo signal under large-angle incident conditions.
Obstacle detection and location are the key points of path planning and autonomous walking of indoor robot. Laser radar is one of the best sensors for robot to perceive the external environment. In this paper, we studies single-line laser radar to acquire point cloud data, establishes a 2D indoor environment map and achieves the location of indoor robot. And we establish a new point cloud data clustering model which is based on adaptive threshold to detect obstacle on the path. The experiment is based on single-line laser radar, and we have established an experimental system for laser detection of obstacles in indoor robots. The experimental results of scanning and imaging typical indoor scenes show that obstacles can be correctly identified by the above algorithms. Therefore, an effective method has been explored for the obstacle detection and location of indoor robots based on radar.
The principle of spatial filtering experiment has been introduced, and the computer simulation platform with graphical user interface (GUI) has been made out in Matlab environment. Using it various filtering processes for different input image or different filtering purpose will be completed accurately, and filtering effect can be observed clearly with adjusting experimental parameters. The physical nature of the optical spatial filtering can be showed vividly, and so experimental teaching effect will be promoted.
Optical theories were all originating from the experimental phenomena, as a result, we can combine the theories and experiments organically in optics teaching that can make the teaching content more intuitive and vivid to stimulate the students' learning interests. In this paper, we proposed the "Experiment-Guidance-Theory" teaching mode in optics course by integrating the theory of optics courses with corresponding experiments. Before the theoretical learning, the students would do some basic experiments to observe the optical phenomena on themselves and answer the corresponding illuminating questions to put themselves into the role, and then the teachers explain the corresponding optical methods and theories, at last, the students must attend an expansive discussion and innovation experiment around the optical theme to expand their scientific view and innovation ability. This is a kind of inquiry-based teaching method, which can stimulate the students' studying interests and improve learning initiative. Meanwhile, the ideas of scientific research also be integrated into teaching, which is beneficial to cultivate students' ability to carry out innovative research.
Python is a popular open-source programming language that can be used to simulate various optical phenomena. We have developed a suite of programs to help teach the course of laser principle. The complicated transverse modes of the symmetric confocal resonator can be visualized in personal computers, which is significant to help the students understand the pattern distribution of laser resonator.
As an basic discipline , Optics is widely used in many fields such as scientific research, industrial applications, art industry, etc.. The industry is facing significant changes at present. Thus talented people acquired multidisciplinary knowledge are needed world widely. To cultivate talents with optical background, both the educators and students need to value the basic disciplinary education. The construction of laboratories for optics disciplinary and the cooperation between different disciplines is also discussed.
Flame tomography of chemiluminescence is a necessary combustion diagnostic technique that provides instantaneous
3D information on flame structure and excited species concentrations. However, in most research, the simplification of
calculation model of weight coefficient based on lens imaging theory always causes information missing, which
influences the result of further reconstructions. In this work, an improved calculation model is presented to determine
the weight coefficient by the intersection areas of the blurry circle with the square pixels, which is more appropriate to
the practical imaging process. The numerical simulation quantitatively evaluates the performance of the improved
calculation method. Furthermore, a flame chemiluminescence tomography system consisting of 12 cameras was
established to reconstruct 3D structure of instantaneous non-axisymmetric propane flame. Both numerical simulating
estimations and experiments illustrate the feasibility of the improved calculation model in combustion diagnostic.
Tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV) is a new developed technique for three-component threedimensional (3C-3D) velocity measurement of the flow field based on the optical tomographic reconstruction method, and has been received extensive attention of the related industries. Three-dimensional light source illuminating the tracer particles of flow field is a critical application for tomographic particle image velocimetry. Three-dimensional light source not only determines the size of measurement volume and the range of the scope of application, but also has a great influence on the image quality. In this work, we propose a rectangular light amplification system using powell lens, prisms and two reflectors. The system can be optimized if given the system parameters based on the theoretical model. The rectangular light amplification system will be verified experimentally by measuring the cross section size of the illuminated light source. A 60mm×25mm cross section of rectangular three-dimensional light source can be obtained by using the rectangular light amplification system. The experiments demonstrate the the feasibility the proposed system.
Accurate measurements of forces applied to the optical cable reels with high spinning speeds, will render information on the breakdown of optical fibers, and thus improve the odds of success and un-winding efficiency. In this paper we analyze and deduce the cable wire stress at high pay-off speeds. A high-sensitive opti-mechanical testing sensory device is designed to measure both the axial tension of the cables and the radial pressure of the cable reels at varying stress points simultaneously. The time resolution of this new device is less than 0.015ms, the response time is up to 15μs, and its sensitivity is about 500pc/N, which satisfies the mechanical testing requirements at high spinning speeds. In addition, the spinning speed of 260m/s led to the break-down of the optical fibers, and the spinning speed of 250m/s tested finally led to a deceleration near the end of the broken fibers. It is obvious that this kit can meet the requirement to obtain the periodic signals of the varying forces for each layer and each turn of optical fiber cables. Moreover, we found that the pay-off fiber cable is safe with the unwinding speed of 250m/s and the break-down of optical cables happens during the deceleration process. However, it is under the unwinding speed of 260m/s that pay-off fiber cables broke during the experiment. The abnormal breakdown signals are captured at these unwinding speeds, respectively.
In the process of the high speed pay-off of the optical fiber cables, there are some problems unsolved such as testing the broken fibers or cables, monitoring the working states of the pay-off, and so on. In this paper, in order to solve these problems, a kind of dynamic testing technology to test the bending losses and the bending parameters of optical fiber pay-off cables based on the dual-wavelength, at the high pay-off speed, is proposed. Using the dual-wavelength method, the distribution of bending radius and bending length near the stripping points of the fibers on the optical fiber cable steel can be inversed by the difference of the bending loss index. On the other hand, a kind of dynamic dual-wavelength testing device is designed and developed, which is of broad band and high sensitivity and can obtain the periodic signals of the cable loss index with the changing of strong bending in real time. Besides, the static and dynamic calibration devices are designed, and the relationship between the two calibration methods is also established. Furthermore, the relationship between the curvature radius and the strong bending losses when the curvature radius is less than 6mm and the relationship between the bending length and the loss is studied experimentally. The results show that it has fast time response, strong anti-interference ability and high sensibility. There is obvious difference of the bending states between the scanning interval and the retrace interval, and the loss in the retrace interval increases greatly more than in the scanning interval. It is important to note that the minimum curvature radius of the strong bending cable is about 0.5mm at the speed of 200m/s. Our work will be beneficial to analysis the process and the mechanism of the fault of the fiber broking, as well as the fiber communication, fiber sensor, and so on.
Laser airborne particle counting sensor (LAPCS), based on light scattering of particle, is specially used in clean environment monitoring. LAPCS samples the air by a pump, and uses a laser illuminating the sampled air in the chamber, then counts the total number of scattering signal and its amplitude distribution, which can characterize the number of particles and size distribution. The structure of air-flow-path in LAPCS directly influences the flow of sampling air, the particle trajectories and velocity distribution in chamber that will influence the performance of LAPCS. In this paper, a finite element arithmetic based on Ansys Fluent14 software environment was developed to simulate the air flow and particle flow in LAPCS. Based on numerical calculations, velocity distribution of airflow and particle trajectories in chamber of LAPCS with different nozzles are presented intuitively. A few particles probably are disturbed outside the air-flow path and pass the photosensitive area many times, which can make the LAPCS iteration count. The results can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing design of the LAPCS.
Electrical effect induced by laser plasma in air is measured using a tiny probe placed in close to a metal target. Analysis shows that the resulting signal wave varies with detection distance. Based on the testing system, an equivalent circuit model was proposed to analyze the formation mechanism and evolution of the electrical signal and its dependence on the probe distance. The observed signal peak polarity overturn was also analyzed and explained. Finally, our method provides an explanation for the effects of the testing angle on the probe signals according to the time and space evolution of the laser plasma.
A new feature of relationship between macro-bending losses and bending length of mono-mode fibers is found experimentally: when bending radius is 4mm nearly no loss is detected on the condition that bending angle is less than 20 degrees. The similar phenomena happen when bending radius is 3mm or 2mm. The turning bending degree that bending losses will increase rapidly is called critical angle by us. The result will give us some new clues that how the bending losses change with bending length on earth. And some theoretical work should be done to explain the phenomenon.
The technique of fluorescence spectroscopy is applied to study thioredoxin reductast (TrxR) in the cells of human brain. Experimental results show that, by the ultraviolet light irradiation (λmax=253.7nm), TrxR is able to emit two striking spectral bands of 287nm to 484nm and 560nm to 720nm. The spectral profile also consists of some narrow spike-like bands atop these two broad bands. With the concentration of TrxR decreases, the narrow spike-like bands disappear little by little. Furthermore, physical and biochemical mechanisms of fluorescence production for ultraviolet light-induced TrxR spectra and its characteristics are analyzed. The new spectroscopic information suggested in this paper may represent an effort of better understanding of the structure and conformation changes of TrxR.
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