Placed on the L2 Lagrangian point, Herschel operates in the spectral range between 80 and 670 μm wavelength and is devoted to astronomical investigations in the far-infrared, sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelengths. The Herschel Telescope is an “all Silicon Carbide” Telescope, based on a 3.5-m-diameter Cassegrain design. The driving requirements are the large diameter (3,5m), the WFE to be kept below 6μrms despite the operational temperature (70K), and finally the mass to be kept below 300kg. The size of the Telescope has put some challenges in the manufacturing and the tests facilities installations. At this stage, the major critical phase which is the brazing of the primary mirror has successfully been passed. The development and manufacturing of the Herschel Telescope is part of the Herschel Planck program funded by the European Space Agency (ESA).
In the frame of the EarthCARE programme, Astrium France is currently developing one of the mission core instruments: the backscatter lidar ATLID. The EarthCARE mission is the third Earth Explorer Core Missions of the ESA Living Planet Programme, with a launch date planned in 2013. It addresses the interaction and impact of clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s radiative budget. ATLID (ATmospheric LIDar), one of the four instruments of EarthCARE, shall determine vertical profiles of clouds and aerosols physical parameters (altitude, optical depth, backscatter ratio and depolarisation ratio) in synergy with other instruments.
This paper presents the design and performance of the ATLID instrument, and relates the main development issues. The technical challenges and the main innovations are highlighted.
The EarthCARE mission is the sixth Earth Explorer Mission of the ESA Living Planet Programme, with a launch date planned in 2015. It addresses the interaction and impact of clouds and aerosols on the Earth’s radiative budget. ATLID (ATmospheric LIDar), one of the four instruments of EarthCARE, shall determine vertical profiles of cloud and aerosol physical parameters (altitude, optical depth, backscatter ratio and depolarisation ratio) in synergy with other instruments. Operating in the UV range at 355 nm, ATLID provides atmospheric echoes with a vertical resolution of about 100 m from ground to an altitude of 40 km. As a result of high spectral resolution filtering, the lidar is able to separate the relative contribution of aerosol (Mie) and molecular (Rayleigh) scattering, which gives access to aerosol optical depth.
The purpose of the paper is to present the progress in the instrument and subsystem design. The instrument is currently in phase C where the detailed design of all sub-systems is being performed. Emphasis will be put on the major technological developments, in particular the laser Transmitter, the optical units and detector developments.
In the frame of the EarthCARE programme, Airbus Defence and Space SAS is currently developing one of the mission core instruments: the UV atmospheric lidar ATLID.
After the successful closure of the Critical Design Review (CDR), the development of the ESA (European Space Agency) ATmospheric LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is now approaching the completion of the manufacturing and testing of all its units and the start of the full instrument integration and qualification campaign.
Since several years, EADS-Astrium has developed, in partnership with BOOSTEC, Silicon Carbide (Sic) structural pieces for space telescope applications. This technology has appeared adequate not only for optical elements (mirrors) but also for the complete Telescope structures, thanks to high stiffness, low coefficient of thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity of Sic. At the time being, two space Sic telescopes are operational in observation and scientific missions. Two other monolithic Sic telescopes, among the largest ever built, are in manufacturing progress. The latest innovations in Sic technology have been implemented in the ALADIN Telescope for the AEOLUS mission (LIDAR dedicated to wind speed measurement).
Placed on the L2 Lagrangian point, the Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) will operate in the 5 to 200 μm wavelength range, at 4.5K. The large aperture telescope (3.5m diameter in a single piece) requires a strong manufacturing mastering, associated with high technical performances. The background acquired by EADS-Astrium (France) on the 3.5m Silicone Carbide Herschel Telescope is a key for the success of the SPICA development. EADS-Astrium has been awarded by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Sumitomo Heavy Industries to assess the feasibility of the 3.5m all SiC telescope through a design phase contract. The Telescope driving requirements are the large diameter of 3.5m especially critical for the manufacturing aspects, and the Wave Front Error which has to be kept below 350nm rms over a large temperature range from ambient to the operational temperature of 4.5K which requires a strong mastering of the distortions.
Placed on the L2 Lagrangian point, Herschel operates in the spectral range between 80 and 670 μm wavelength and is devoted to astronomical investigations in the far-infrared, sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelengths. The Herschel Telescope is an "allSilicon Carbide" Telescope, based on a 3.5-m-diameter Cassegrain design. The driving requirements are the large diameter (3;5m) which represents a manufacturing challenge, the WFE to be kept below 6μrms despite the operational temperature of 70K, and finally the mass to be kept below 300kg. The size of the Telescope has put some challenges in the manufacturing processes and the tests facilities installations. At this stage, the major critical phases which are the brazing and the grinding of the primary mirror have successfully been passed. The development and manufacturing of the Herschel Telescope is part of the Herschel Planck program funded by the European Space Agency (ESA).
Large Space based IR are presently under development. These telescopes are placed on the L2 Lagrangian point and will operate in far infrared range. EADS-ASTRIUM is manugacturing HERSCHEL telescope and will extend its technology to the SPICA Telescope.
HERSCHEL operates in the spectral range between 80 and 670 μm wavelength and is devoted to astronomical investigations in the far-infrared, sub-millimetre and millimetre wavelength range. ASTRIUM has been awarded by ESA to manufacture tgeh 3,5m all SiC telescope. The concept for the HERSCEL telescope is based on an axisymetric, 3,5-m-diameter Cassegrain design. The driving requirements are the large diameter (3,5m) especially for the manufacturing aspects, the WFE which has to be kept below 6μrms, the operational temperatuer (70k) which brings distortionas wrt ambient environment, and finally the mass to keep below 300kg. This Development is part of the ESA HERSCHEL PLANK program.
SPICA Telescope driving requirements are also the large diameter (3,5m) especially critical for the manufacturing aspects, the WFE which has to be kept below 350nmrms, and the operational temperature (4,5K) which requires to master the distortions wrt ambient environment. Telescope will operate in the 5 to 200 μm wavelength range. ASTRIUM has been awarded by Sumitomo and ISAS to study the faisability of teh 3,5m all SiC telescope.
The main features developed in this paper are:
The final design and the recent manufacturing developments of the HERSHEL telescope and the expected performances of such a telescope in space environment
The preliminary design of the SPICA telescope and teh predicted performances which are taking advantage from the Silicone Carbide properties developed for HERSCHEL telescope, especially considering the homogeneity inside the structure its stability from abient to the operational temperature range (4,5K). The study shows that the Silicone Carbide Telescope design can fulfil the mechanical and optical requirements, in a passive way without actuators.
Since ten years ASTRIUM has developed sintered Silicon Carbide (SiC) technology for space applications. Its unique thermo-mechanical properties, associated with its polishing capability, make SiC an ideal material for building ultra-stable lightweight space based telescopes or mirrors. SiC is a cost effective alternative to Beryllium and the ultra-lighweighted ULE. In Complememt to the material manufacturing process, ASTRIUM has developed several assembly techniques (bolting, brazing, bonding) for manufacturing large and complex SiC assemblies. This technology is now perfectly mature and mastered. SiC is baselined for most of the telescopes that are developed by ASTRIUM. SiC has been identified as the most suitable material for manufacturing very large crygenic telescopes. In this paper we present the development of Φ 3.5 m telescope for Herschel Mission. Herschel main goal is to study how the first stars and galaxies were formed and evolved. The Herschel Space telescope, using silicon carbide technology will be the largest space imagery telescope ever launched. The Herschel telescope will weight 300 kg rather than the 1.5 tons required with standard technology. The Herschel telescope is to be delivered in 2005 for a launch planned for 2007.
Derived from the SPOT series, the new SPOT-5 instrument, called HRG, is now in development phase for a launch in 2001. The HRG instrument will perform Earth mapping still with 60km swath, but with considerably improved resolutions: 5m and 3.5m in the panchromatic band, and 10m multispectral, to be compared with 10m, respectively 20m for the SPOT-1 to SPOT-4 camera series. This improvement is obtained by the implementation of a new focal pane concept and also by a telescope MTF significant enhancement. This paper describes how the optical quality of the SPOT-5 camera has been improved for meeting the new resolution requirements, while still using the same type of telescope as in SPOT-1 to SPOT- 4. First the technique of computer assisted polishing of the mirrors has been adopted to reach a telescope image quality compatible with the demanding resolution. Moreover, for reducing mirror optical surface distortion, specific isostatic fixation devices have been developed. The telescope structure has been also optimized in terms of thermo-elastic and hydro-elastic behavior to ensure stable performances.Lastly, significant progresses have been made in telescope alignment and testing.
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