To suppress the stray light caused by the diffraction and scattered light of a digital micromirror device (DMD) in a DMD-based spectrometer, a new concentrator system with a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is presented, which has the advantage that all stray light beyond the acceptance angle can be rejected with the most compact device available. The diffraction of DMD is explored to determine the acceptance angle, and the parameters of the concentrator system are analyzed to determine the geometric concentration ratio. The simulation results show that the spectrum concentration efficiency of the CPC is 98.7%, that the stray light concentration efficiency from the DMD is 36.3%, and that the stray light concentration efficiency beyond the acceptance angle is 0.00%. Finally, according to the discussion about tolerance on the CPC, a conclusion can be drawn that the new DMD-based spectrometer with CPC is feasible and significant in suppressing the stray light.
A digital micromirror device (DMD) acts as a spatial light modulator in a maskless photolithography system. Illuminated by coherent light, DMD performs as a two-dimensional diffraction grating because of its periodical internal structure. Diffraction efficiency is an important factor for evaluating the exposure doses. A diffraction model of DMD based on Fourier analysis demonstrates that errors of the DMD’s manufacture and the precision of the machining of the optical mechanical structure affect the diffraction efficiency. Additionally, analysis of exposure results by the diffraction model of DMD in Tracepro explains the degradation of the exposure quality and is helpful for calibrating the direction of optical focusing.
Plasmonic resonances in metallic subwavelength structures have been widely exploited for a broad range of applications including nanoantennas, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, chiral metamaterials, metamagnetism and absorbers. The phenomenon of extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through subwavelength holes or slits based on the surface plasmon resonance is also extensively studied and has been applied for light harvesting. However, most of work about light harvesting devices suffer from many disadvantages such as narrow operating waveband, sensitive to the polarization state of the incident light, narrow accepting angles at a fixed azimuthal angle, which greatly limit their potential applications to spectroscopic detection and phase imaging. In this work, we present a broadband plasmonic resonant absorber in infrared regime. The plasmonic resonant absorber consists of a three-layer structure, i.e. two-dimensional metallic subwavelength hole arrays/dielectric-spacer/ thick metallic film from top to bottom. The designed plasmonic resonator is found to be polarization insensitive and omnidirectional due to the symmetry of the subwavelength hole array structure. The absorption efficiency of such absorber can be optimized by tuning the geometry of the metallic subwavelength structure and the thickness of the dielectric layer in between the two metallic films. The broadband efficient light absorbing property of the plasmonic resonant absorber can be explained by the synergetic effect of plasmonic resonance and Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance. It is shown that the periodic subwavelength metallic holes interact with the incident light to excite the surface plasmons so that the transmitted light intensity is significantly enhanced. The enhancement of the electric field near the metallic surface leads to an improved absorption. Moreover, FP cavity provides a resonant environment for the excited surface plasmons as well as the diffracted waves. As a result, the efficient light absorbing is achieved over a broad waveband. It should be noted that the proposed absorber can be applied to other working wavebands by carefully tuning the geometry of the metallic subwavelength structure and the thickness of the dielectric layer in between two metallic layers. The designed absorber may find important applications in solar cells, photodetectors, thermo-photovoltaic, and thermal emitters.
A new design of compound Fresnel-R concentrator is presented which is composed of two lenses:
a primary lens (Fresnel lens) that works by total internal reflection at outer facets but refraction
at inner facets, and a secondary lens that works by refraction. In contrast to previous Fresnel lens
concentrator, this design increases the acceptance angle, improves the irradiance uniformity on
the solar cell, and reduces the aspect ratio significantly. Another outstanding advantage of this
concentrator is the fact that it mainly works by performing total internal reflection, reducing
chromatic dependence as well as Fresnel losses. An optical efficiency more than 80% can be
achieved. Moreover, in order to reduce the influence of manufacture accuracy and to increase the
optical efficiency further, the central part of the bottom of the secondary lens which directly
adhered to the solar cell is designed as a cone-shaped prism to collect the sunlight that doesn't
reach the solar cell.
The main feature of the compound diffractive telescope is the combination of diffractive optics with compound structure
arranged eyepieces. In this paper, a design of the compound diffractive telescope is firstly introduced, and a 4.2° FOV
is obtained with one primary lens and twenty-one eyepieces. Secondly, image characteristic of different channels is
analyzed with the design wavelength in ASAP, and one modified phase function model of diffractive optical element is
introduced to analyze the MTF curves for 0° FOV, which provides a more accurate prediction of the performance of the
system. Then the system is tested by the star image test, and the diffraction limit images are got within ± 2° FOV. And
finally, two pictures taken from the adjacent FOV proved to be able to be spliced together. All the results above
demonstrate that a good performance of the compound diffractive telescope.
In the solar tower thermal power generation system, the precision of the slope angle of the heliostat is the major factor,
which influences the efficiency of the system, consequently, this angle should be tested accurately. In this paper, the
methods based on laser deflectometry are proposed to measure the shape error of the mirror facet and the connected error
of the facets; such apparatus and corresponding software packages are developed. With the help of these two apparatus,
the heliostat of 1002, consisting of 55 mirror facets of 1.8182 m2; (hexagon), for the 1MWe solar tower power plant in Beijing are measured and connected successfully.
The diffractive optical element (DOE) is always modeled as an ideal pure diffractive element which neglects the
refractive dispersion of the element's material. In this paper, a new model of the diffractive optical element is proposed,
in which the effect of the refractive dispersion of the DOE's material is considered. The new model is explained and
compared with standard diffraction-order expansion with the help of a hybrid system example. The analytical results
show that the new model has an important meaning for the exact analysis of the hybrid refractive-diffractive optical
system.
By using a CGH test plate fabricated with our equipment and techniques, we measured a
perfect sphere surface. The measurement result is quantified into four parts: the figure error from the
spherical surface under test; the figure error from the spherical reference surface; the error from
hologram and the adjustment error from misalignment. The measurement result removed from the later
three errors, shown excellent agreement with Zygo test of the same sphere surface. This verified that
the measurement accuracy by using this kind of CGH could be very high.
A procedure for designing and optimizing heliostat field layout of solar tower thermal power plant is developed. The ray tracing is used for the calculation of the optical efficiency of field. The mathematical theory of the calculation is derived. The parametric search algorithm, which allows variation of the field parameters within a specified range, is used for the optimization of field. The field layout is made automatically according to the no-blocking loss condition and the heliostats are located at the positions where the annual incident cosine value is higher. In this way, the blocking and cosine losses are lowered. Because the optimization of the distance between fore-and-aft two rows of heliostat is avoided, the computer time is reduced effectively. Using this procedure the heliostat field of a 1MWe solar tower power plant was designed. Four modes of layout including North-South cornfield, North-South stagger, Radial cornfield and Radial stagger were experimented and optimized respectively. The comparison of the field efficiency for the four optimized results was made. It is concluded that the North-South cornfield layout is the optimal decision for the 1MWe solar tower power plant.
Compound telescope is a new type of space optical system. It uses the concept of compound eyes and the property of diffractive lens. With the help of diffractive lens, the diffractive optical system could become lighter weight, lower cost, and looser tolerance. And with the help of compound-eye configuration, the field of view is expanded. A design example of compound diffractive optical system is given. It is composed of many diffractive telescope of F/4, 200mm aperture, 0.1 degrees field of view. It is shown that the whole system can approximately attain the diffraction limit over wide field of view.
The geometric distortion of infrared image, which was created by the large-sized relative aperture optical system. It could be corrected by the digital image processing technology. The magnitude of distortion would be enlarged quickly with the enlargement of relative aperture. Though the distortion could not impact on the articulation of the image, it would affect geometric location precision of the image directly. In this paper, the distortion correction of uncooled large-sized relative aperture infrared imaging system was discussed and the mathematical model of distortion correction was established. A algorithm of digital image processing was presented and applied based on control points by combining polynomial warping and space variant linear image interpolation. The method of polynomial warping was used to establish the locality relationship between the original image and the distortion ones. The space-variant linear image interpolation provided an efficient way to rebuild the frame of images. The computational costs of the proposed approach are very little and the precision is almost as high as the method of bicubic interpolation when compared to those of state-of-the-art nonlinear interpolation operators
In the analysis of line profile in single point Laser Direct Writing process, the line profile errors will increase if we replace the exposure dose distribution by the intensity distribution of focus plane because there are differences between them. The exposure dose distribution in the photoresist is analyzed as well as the line profile after developed. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical forecast.
As the micro-display applied to head-mounted display, the optical system not only suits for the small size of the micro-display, but also provides sufficient eye relief and exit pupil, and it becomes perplex. For settling this problem, a head-mounted display, which combines a hybrid diffractive-refractive eyepiece with a reflective relay system using a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) with the diagonal size 18mm, was designed. Basing on a Zeiss (60°) eyepiece, and replacing the doublet of it of a diffractive-refractive doublet, a hybrid eyepiece with 20mm eye relief and 10mm exit pupil was designed. The weight greatly reduced and the optical performance improved of the eyepiece compared with the Zeiss one. Considering the space for illuminating source of LCOS, a reflective relay system was used, which includes a flat half mirror and a concave mirror. The magnifying power of the relay system also makes the optical system suitable for the small size of LCOS. The system is with high performance, sufficient exit pupil and eye relief, and reasonable size and weight in the specific application of head-mounted display.
In the single point laser direct writing (LDW) process, there are differences between the exposure dose distribution and the light intensity distribution, and the differences will bring the line profile errors. In this paper, the equations to calculate the exposure dose distribution for the polar coordinate laser direct writing system are presented. The differences between the exposure dose distribution and the light intensity distribution are discussed. The line profile in the photoresist after development is predicted. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical forecast.
Harmonic diffractive surface element is successfully introduced to the system of infrared dual band in this paper. It has been simultaneously accomplished that the rectification of the Transverse ray, Lateral color and Longitudinal aberration in both band, wave front aberration less ¼ wave length and Modulation Transfer Function of dual band approaching or attaining the diffraction limit. The properties of action spectrum of harmonic diffractive are between refractive element and diffractive, which debased the demand for technical level. The practical design not only shows that the system is compact, few elements and high rates of transmission but also has better weaken-ray aberrations character and 100% cool diaphragm efficiency. The harmonic diffractive element offers a new component for optics designs.
A diffractive optical element (DOE) is designed with a new algorithm for transforming a rotationally symmetrical Gaussian beam into a nearly diffraction-limited flat-top by Fourier transformation system. The simulating results indicate that size of the shaped spot is only twice more than one of the diffraction limited spot, the diffraction efficiency is about 71.38$ and the edge of the uniform area is dramatically sharper than the one without DOE.
By using a binary phase grating, a lens centering system is constructed. In our system, the lens under alignment is mounted on a suitable mechanical axis that can be a spindle of precision lathe. A binary phase grating is used as a beam splitter. Laser beam after passing through the grating only ±1 orders are kept unstop, reflected back by lens surface, recombined by the same grating, and very good contrast interference fringes can be attained. When the lens together with the spindle is rotated, the interference fringes remain motionless only when the lens rotates around its axis of symmetry. If the lens rotates around an axis of asymmetry, the fringes will move. A CCD camera is used to monitor the fringes and transversal error less than a micrometer can be achieved. The interference fringes are very insensitive to vibration and environment. I the paper the theory are presented and the experimental results are given.
A procedure for design binary circular subwavelength diffractive optical elements (DOE) is presented. In this procedure, we first generalized the design approach presented by Farn and extend Farn's techniques to include the design of binary circular subwavelength diffractive optical elements, we apply the zeroth-order effective medium theory in every subwavelength area to determine the relationship between index and the fill factor. An example is presented. The body of revolution finite difference time domain method is used to analyze responses of this DOE. The results are compared with the counterparts of its continuous profile.
Using broadband hybrid diffractive/refractive optical system, an athermalized imaging system without special optical and mechanical materials, which is the prototype for space borne small CCD camera, has been designed, evaluated, fabricated and tested. The comparison with conventional optical system is presented. Also, the paper analyzes and discusses the effect of parasite orders diffraction from binary optical element as the regular `stray light' on the image quality (MTF and contrast), and proposes an approach of image processing that can compensate such image quality degradation when broadband hybrid system is used in CCD camera.
To study the effects of the laser on simple obesity (SO), 40 cases of SO patients, which was treated with Semiconductor Laser Acupuncture (SLA), were observed. The treatment Results: the obvious effect were 19 cases (47.5%), the effect 19(47.5%) and no effect 2(5%), so the total effect reached to 95% (P less than 0.01). No any side affection has been observed, and it is suggested that the Laser beam on acupoint can regulate the function of endocrine why the obesity happens.
Fabrication errors and its affecting factors were analyzed for multilevel DOE in this paper. A method of Moire fringe alignment was put forth. It was proved by actual manufacturing that this way is available for aligning positioning error.
Based on scalar diffraction theory, a new type of millimeter wave antenna--quasioptical diffractive antenna is designed and manufactured. The design theory and space shadow are discussed in details, and the calculated and measured results are presented. The results show that the diffractive antenna has good properties.
Based on scale diffraction theory, binary phase gratings are designed and the effect of fabrication errors on the diffraction efficiency and uniformity is discussed. The theoretical and numerical analysis shows that (0, non-(pi) ) grating is more sensitive to phase delay error than (0, (pi) ) grating. Patterning error is very complex to analyze, but we can give a maximum intensity deviation to the grating.
As a modified heterodyne interferometer the heterodyne common path interferometer for measuring surface roughness is described. The interferometer system adopts the isosceles triangle type common path interferometer in which the reference beam and the measurement beam pass through the same optical path so that the mechanical instability, air turbulence, and temperature variations will affect the same value of the optical path for both the beams. The actual height resolution is 1 angstrom, and the lateral resolution is 1 micrometers . This modified interferometer can use general He-Ne laser which needs no frequency stabilizer and general experimental stage without shockproof.
We present a new architecture of an adaptive optical processor, constructed according to adaptive learning and adaptive resonance architecture. It has four main properties.
In this paper, we study the constructions and mathematical expressions of butterfly interconnections and networks. Because 2-D and 3-D networks have different constructions, we discuss the transform from 3-D forms to 2-D ones. We start with optical Fourier transforms to derive the discrete transforms of 2-D and 3-D butterfly interconnect networks for implementing 1-D and 2-D fast Fourier transforms, respectively, which are the basic operations of intelligent optical computings.
The formula of moiré fringe patterns produced from the near superposition of two fringe patterns with cosinusoidal profiles is presented. The method is applied to combinations of the fringe patterns involving cosinusoidal grating with consinusoidal grating/ cosinusoudat grating with Fresnel zone plate and equispaced concentric circles with equispaced concentric circles. The theory of interferogram transform based on the moiré fringe pattern technique is given and its application is discussed.
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