The Matter in Extreme Conditions Upgrade (MEC-U) project is a major upgrade to the MEC instrument on the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) user facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The MEC instrument combines the XFEL with a high-power, short-pulse laser and high energy shock driver laser to produce and study high energy density plasmas and materials found in extreme environments such as the interior of stars and fusion reactors, providing the fundamental understanding needed for applications ranging from astronomy to fusion energy. When completed, this project will significantly increase the power and repetition rate of the MEC high intensity laser system to the petawatt level at up to 10 Hz, increase the energy of the shock-driver laser to the kilojoule level, and expand the capabilities of the MEC instrument to support groundbreaking experiments enabled by the combination of high-power lasers with the world’s brightest X-ray source. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is developing a directly diode-pumped, 10 Hz repetition rate, 150 J, 150 fs, 1 PW laser system to be installed in the upgraded MEC facility. This laser system is an implementation of LLNL’s Scalable High power Advanced Radiographic Capability (SHARC) concept and is based on chirped pulse amplification in the diode-pumped, gas-cooled slab architecture developed for the Mercury and HAPLS laser systems. The conceptual design and capabilities of this laser system will be presented.
In this work, we will review and evaluate the laser-induced optics damage observed on the final compressor gratings of the Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) laser. Damage initiation and growth rules are derived from online inspections and both measured and modeled laser performance are compared to a laser damage performance assessment of compressor grating witness samples performed offline. In addition, we will report the result of adapting these damage and growth rules to conditions relevant for the Scalable High-average-power Advanced Radiographic Capability (SHARC) 10 Hz Petawatt laser concept.
The rapid deployment of high-energy laser systems has significantly pushed the practical limit of laser-induced optics damage. Most systems have chosen to scale the aperture of the laser system to operate within the damage limitations. However, most damage testing protocols do not take into consideration the sampling area of the damage testing beam with respect to the size of the extraction aperture. In this work, we review examples of laser systems where damage testing with small-scale S-on-1 results failed to predict the damage subsequently observed on a full aperture system. We provide guidance on how to adjust the post-coating damage testing protocol to gain confidence that the full-aperture optic will not be damaged during nominal high-fluence operations.
The recent development utilizing automatic microscopy to identify damage sites on an optic for damage mitigation at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has resulted in a large set of damage dataset for growth analysis. In this work we will examine how the pre and post installation damage sizes are used to analyze the cumulative probability of growth for damage sites that have been exposed to multiple laser shots. The analysis can form the basis to derive single-shot probability growth behavior of fused silica damage site as a function of size.
We have previously shown that most of the laser-induced damage which occurs at the National Ignition Facility’s (NIF) Grading Debris Shields (GDS) is due to energetic, micron-scale particles generated by the laser interacting with other parts of the beamline. In this work we will review the mitigation strategies devised with an emphasis on the implementation and testing of a Fused Silica Debris Shield (FSDS). The preliminary results from the initial online test suggest that we are approaching intrinsic (debris free) damage levels where fluence distributions once again dominate initiation rates. We will explore the challenge of future projections of damage initiation and optics lifetime where we will need to model the maximum fluence at each location on an optic (i.e. Max-of-N) and how it increases with shot number.
The final optics in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are protected from target debris by sacrificial (disposable) debris shields (DDS) comprised of 3-mm thick Borofloat. While relatively inexpensive, Borofloat has been found to have bulk inclusions which, under UV illumination, damage, grow, and occasional erupt though the surface of the DDS. We have shown previously that debris generated from Input Surface Bulk Eruptions (ISBE) are a significant source of damage on NIF. Inclusion-free fused silica debris shield (FSDS) have been installed in between the DDS and the final optics on some NIF beam lines to test their efficacy in mitigating damage initiation. We will show results of the damage performance of the FSDS and its role in protecting the final optics. These results will help in our economic analysis of the potential benefits of using FSDS to protect NIF final optics.
We report on the laser damage performance of the DKDP third-harmonic frequency conversion crystals (THG) on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) since its operations began in 2009. An in-situ damage inspection system is used to monitor and track status of final optics in the UV section of the laser over time. Most THG optics last between 2 and 5 years on NIF before damage grows large enough that we have to exchange them. The critical damage size is related to our recycle strategy. About 10% of optics have lasted 10+ years which show we are not even close to the inherent limitation for this optic type. The short life THG optics are all limited by a relatively few number of flaws. Here we describe our efforts to understand these flaws so we can manage and, eventually, eliminate them.
National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world’s most energetic laser system, capable of delivering over 1.8 MJ of energy at UV. After operating for over 10 years and working continuously to improve the damage resistance of the optics, there seems to be a disconnect between the offline measured damage performance of optics and the actual lifetime of an installed optic. Recently, we have discovered a source of laser-induced optic damage that originated from particles ejected from damage of a neighboring disposable optic. We were able to replicate this contamination-driven laser-induced damage experimentally in an offline facility and have developed a phenomenological model based on the results which includes particle generation, particle cleaning, and particle damage as a function of damage size as well as laser fluence. The model was able to accurately predict the multi-shot process of the offline experiment. Since then, we have used this model to predict online damage performance on NIF on a series of very high energy shots to test the validity of model with surprising results that shows the success of the model along with new features that will need to be address.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. (LLNL-ABS-745711)
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) uses an in-situ system called the Final Optics Damage Inspection (FODI) system to monitor the extent of damage on installed optical components. Among this system's uses is to alert operators when damage sites on a Grating Debris Shield (GDS) require repair (≈300 microns) and triggers the removal of the damaged optic. FODI, which can reliably detect damage sites larger than 50 microns, records the size and location of observed sub-critical damage observed on the optic, so each of these sites can be repaired before the optic is next installed. However, by only identifying, and hence repairing sites larger than ≈50 microns, optics are left with numerous smaller sites, some fraction of which resume growing when the host optic is reinstalled. This work presents a method of identifying and repairing damage sites below the FODI detection limit that have a significant probability of growth. High resolution images are collected of all likely damage candidates on each optic, and a machine learning based automated classification algorithm is used to determine if each candidate is a damage site or something benign (particle, previously repaired site, etc.). Any damage site greater than 20 microns is flagged for subsequent repair. By repairing these smaller sites, recycled optics had a 40% increased lifetime on the NIF.
Modeling of laser-induced optics damage has been introduced to benchmark existing optic usage at the National Ignition
Facility (NIF) which includes the number of optics exchanged for damage repair. NIF has pioneered an optics recycle
strategy to allow it to run the laser at capacity since fully commissioned in 2009 while keeping the cost of optics usage
manageable. We will show how the damage model is being used to evaluate strategies to streamline our optics loop
efficiency, as we strive to increase the laser shot rate without increasing operating costs.
Optics damage growth modeling and analysis at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been performed on fused silica. We will show the results of single shot growth comparisons, damage site lifetime comparisons as well as growth metrics for each individual NIF beamline. These results help validate the consistency of the damage growth models and allow us to have confidence in our strategic planning in regards to projected optic usage.
Laser fluence and operational tempo of ICF systems operating in the UV are typically limited by the growth of laser- induced damage on their final optics (primarily silica optics). In the early 2000 time frame, studies of laser damage growth with relevant large area beams revealed that for some laser conditions damage sites located on the exit surface of a fused silica optic grew following an exponential growth rule: D(n) = D0 exp (n α(φ)), where D is final site diameter, D0 is the initial diameter of the site, φ is the laser fluence, α(φ) is the growth coefficient, and n is the number of exposures. In general α is a linear function of φ, with a threshold of φTH. In recent years, it has been found that that growth behavior is actually considerably more complex. For example, it was found that α is not a constant for a given fluence but follows a probability distribution with a mean equal to α(φ). This is complicated by observations that these distributions are actually functions of the pulse shape, damage site size, and initial morphology of damage initiation. In addition, there is not a fixed fluence threshold for damage sites growth, which is better described by a probability of growth which depends on site size, morphology and laser fluence. Here will review these findings and discuss implications for the operation of large laser systems.
Comprehensive modeling of laser-induced damage in optics for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) has been performed
on fused silica wedge focus lenses with a metric that compares the modeled damage performance to online inspections.
The results indicate that damage models are successful in tracking the performance of the fused silica final optics when
properly accounting for various optical finishes and mitigation processes. This validates the consistency of the damage
models and allows us to further monitor and evaluate different system parameters that potentially can affect optics
performance.
Bulk laser damage variability in deuterated potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (DKDP) crystals is well known and makes
online conditioning of multiple-beam laser systems difficult to optimize. By using an empirical model, called Absorption
Distribution Model (ADM), we were able to map the damage variability of the crystals (boule to boule as well as within
the same boule) in terms of defect populations using a damage probability test. Furthermore, a relationship on defect
density and the relative damage behavior of a boule based on its late growth behavior have been found and has been used
successfully to predict laser damage/conditioning using a damage probability test only.
KEYWORDS: Laser systems engineering, Systems modeling, Laser optics, Pulsed laser operation, Near field, National Ignition Facility, Near field optics, Algorithm development, Laser induced damage, Laser development
Local temporal shot-to-shot variation of a high-energy laser system is measured in order to model the maximum fluence
that any location on the optic will be exposed to after N shots (Max-of-N). We constructed a model to derive an
equivalent-Max-of-N fluence distribution from a series of shots of differing energy and contrast in order to calculate
damage initiation and optics lifetime. This model allows prediction for Max-of-N effects when direct measurements of
the fluence distribution are not available. Comparison to different laser systems will be presented in order to gain insight
as to the physical origins of the Max-of-N effect.
KEYWORDS: Machine learning, Inspection, Optical inspection, Data modeling, Image analysis, Image processing, Reflection, Data mining, National Ignition Facility, Signal processing
The Final Optics Damage Inspection (FODI) system automatically acquires and utilizes the Optics
Inspection (OI) system to analyze images of the final optics at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). During each
inspection cycle up to 1000 images acquired by FODI are examined by OI to identify and track damage sites on the
optics. The process of tracking growing damage sites on the surface of an optic can be made more effective by
identifying and removing signals associated with debris or reflections. The manual process to filter these false sites
is daunting and time consuming. In this paper we discuss the use of machine learning tools and data mining
techniques to help with this task. We describe the process to prepare a data set that can be used for training and
identifying hardware reflections in the image data. In order to collect training data, the images are first
automatically acquired and analyzed with existing software and then relevant features such as spatial, physical and
luminosity measures are extracted for each site. A subset of these sites is "truthed" or manually assigned a class to
create training data. A supervised classification algorithm is used to test if the features can predict the class
membership of new sites. A suite of self-configuring machine learning tools called "Avatar Tools" is applied to
classify all sites. To verify, we used 10-fold cross correlation and found the accuracy was above 99%. This
substantially reduces the number of false alarms that would otherwise be sent for more extensive investigation.
Past work in the area of laser-induced damage growth has shown growth rates to be primarily dependent on the laser
fluence and wavelength. More recent studies suggest that growth rate, similar to the damage initiation process, is affected
by a number of additional parameters including pulse duration, pulse shape, site size, and internal structure. In this study,
we focus on the effect of pulse duration on the growth rate of laser damage sites located on the exit surface of fused
silica optics. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, a significant dependence of growth rate at 351 nm on pulse
duration from 1 ns to 15 ns as τ0.3 for sites in the 50-100 μm size range.
KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Silica, Current controlled current source, Laser optics, Optical damage, High power lasers, Laser systems engineering, Laser irradiation, Laser damage threshold
Laser-induced growth of optical damage often determines the useful lifetime of an optic in a high power laser system. We
have extended our previous work on growth of laser damage in fused silica with simultaneous 351 nm and 1053 nm laser
irradiation by measuring the threshold for growth with various ratios of 351 nm and 1053 nm fluence. Previously we reported
that when growth occurs, the growth rate is determined by the total fluence. We now find that the threshold for growth is
dependent on both the magnitude of the 351 nm fluence as well as the ratio of the 351 nm fluence to the 1053 nm fluence.
Furthermore, the data suggests that under certain conditions the 1053 nm fluence does not contribute to the growth.
Laser-induced damage growth on the surface of fused silica optics has been extensively studied and has
been found to depend on a number of factors including fluence and the surface on which the damage site
resides. It has been demonstrated that damage sites as small as a few tens of microns can be detected and
tracked on optics installed a fusion-class laser, however, determining the surface of an optic on which a
damage site resides in situ can be a significant challenge. In this work demonstrate that a machine-learning
algorithm can successfully predict the surface location of the damage site using an expanded set of
characteristics for each damage site, some of which are not historically associated with growth rate.
The Mercury laser uses ytterbium-doped strontium fluorapatite (Yb:S-FAP) crystals as the gain medium with a nominal
clear aperture of 4 x 6 cm. Recent damage test data have indicated the existence of bulk precursors in Yb:S-FAP that
initiate damage starting at approximately 10 J/cm2 at 9 ns under 1064 nm irradiation. In this paper, we report on
preliminary results on bulk damage studies on Yb:S-FAP crystals.
We are developing an all fiber laser system optimized for providing input pulses for short pulse (1-10ps), high energy (~1kJ) glass laser systems. Fiber lasers are ideal solutions for these systems as they are highly reliable and once constructed they can be operated with ease. Furthermore, they offer an additional benefit of significantly reduced footprint. In most labs containing equivalent bulk laser systems, the system occupies two 4’x8’ tables and would consist of 10's if not a 100 of optics which would need to be individually aligned and maintained. The design requirements for this application are very different those commonly seen in fiber lasers. High energy lasers often have low repetition rates (as low as one pulse every few hours) and thus high average power and efficiency are of little practical value. What is of high value is pulse energy, high signal to noise ratio (expressed as pre-pulse contrast), good beam quality, consistent output parameters and timing. Our system focuses on maximizing these parameters sometimes at the expense of efficient operation or average power. Our prototype system consists of a mode-locked fiber laser, a compressed pulse fiber amplifier, a “pulse cleaner”, a chirped fiber Bragg grating, pulse selectors, a transport fiber system and a large flattened mode fiber amplifier. In our talk we will review the system in detail and present theoretical and experimental studies of critical components. We will also present experimental results from the integrated system.
Continuous wave (CW) fiber laser systems with output powers in excess of 500 W with good beam quality have now been demonstrated, as have high energy, short pulse, fiber laser systems with output energies in excess of 1 mJ. Fiber laser systems are attractive for many applications because they offer the promise of high efficiency, compact, robust systems. We have investigated fiber lasers for a number of applications requiring high average power and/or pulse energy with good beam quality at a variety of wavelengths. This has led to the development of a number of custom and unique fiber lasers. These include a short pulse, large bandwidth Yb fiber laser for use as a front end for petawatt class laser systems and a narrow bandwidth 0.938 μm output Nd fiber laser in the > 10 W power range.
We have developed and demonstrated a large flattened mode (LFM) optical fiber, which raises the threshold for non-linear interactions in the fiber core by a factor of 2.5 over conventional large mode area fiber amplifiers. The LFM fiber works by incorporating a raised index ring around the outer edge of the fiber core, which serves to flatten the fundamental fiber mode from a Bessel function to a top hat function. This increases the effective area of the core intersected by the mode by a factor of 2.5 without increasing the physical size of the core. This is because the core is uniformly illuminated by the LFM mode rather than having most of the light confined to the center of the core. We present experimental and theoretical results relating to this fiber and its design.
We have developed a Nd:doped cladding pumped fiber amplifier, which operates at 938nm with greater than 2W of output power. The core co-dopants were specifically chosen to enhance emission at 938nm. The fiber was liquid nitrogen cooled in order to achieve four-level laser operation on a laser transition that is normally three level at room temperature, thus permitting efficient cladding pumping of the amplifier. Wavelength selective attenuation was induced by bending the fiber around a mandrel, which permitted near complete suppression of amplified spontaneous emission at 1088nm. We are presently seeking to scale the output of this laser to 10W. We will discuss the fiber and laser design issues involved in scaling the laser to the 10W power level and present our most recent results.
An easy to use, nondestructive method for evaluating subsurface damage in polished substrates has been established at LLNL. Subsurface damage has been related to laser damage in coated optical components used in high power, high repetition rate laser systems. Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM) has been shown to be a viable nondestructive technique in analyzing subsurface damage in optical components. A successful TIRM system has been established for evaluating subsurface damage on fused silica components. Laser light scattering from subsurface damage sites is collected through a Nomarski microscope. These images are then captured by a CCD camera for analysis on a computer. A variety of optics, including components with intentional subsurface damage due to grinding and polishing, have been analyzed and their TIRM images compared to an existing destructive etching method. Methods for quantitative measurement of subsurface damage are also discussed.
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