The transmittance of upwelling radiance at the air-water interface is a critical quantity in ocean color remote sensing and
is usually approximated as a constant (~0.54) for nadir-viewing geometries. Despite its important role, the radiance
transmittance has never been measured and validated. In this paper, we present direct measurements of the spectral
radiance transmittance in calm seas. The measurements were obtained by a customized instrument package equipped
with two collocated radiometers. One radiometer measures the upwelling radiance just below the surface (Lu(0-)) while
the other one directly records the water-leaving radiance (Lw) simultaneously. The ratio of measured Lw to Lu(0-)
provides the transmittance. Our analyses suggest that the transmittance remains constant within ultraviolet and visible
domain (350–700 nm) and is generally consistent with the theoretical approximations. In particular, the observed
transmittance is within ±10% of the theoretical value for most portions of the spectral bands (350–600 nm). Within the
red portion of the spectrum, the deviations are larger but are still less than 20%. The field observations suggest an optical
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