Dr. Junqiang Sun Profile

Dr. Junqiang Sun

Chief Research Scientist at Science Systems and Applications Inc

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (115)

Proceedings Article | 19 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

An overview of NOAA-21 VIIRS early on-orbit calibration and performance

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Ning Lei, Kevin Twedt, Hongda Chen, Kwofu Chiang

Proceedings Volume 12729, 1272916 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2680636

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Equipment, Stray light, Signal to noise ratio, Displays, Data transmission, Space operations, Short wave infrared radiation, Sensors, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2023 Poster + Paper

NOAA-21 VIIRS day-night band on-orbit calibration and performance in early mission

H. Chen, J. Sun, D. Link, C. Sun, K. Chiang, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12729, 127291G (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2678663

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Contamination, Magnesium, Equipment, Space operations, Sun, Signal detection, Satellites, Displays, Diffusers

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2023 Presentation

On-orbit characterization of the VIIRS solar diffuser and attenuation screens for NOAA-21 using yaw measurements

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Ning Lei, Kevin Twedt, Sherry Li

Proceedings Volume 12685, 1268510 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676866

KEYWORDS: Displays, Diffusers, Attenuation, Satellites, Calibration, Visible radiation, Vignetting, Telescopes, Satellite imaging, Reflector telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2023 Paper

Using scattered light from nadir port to aid the Terra and Aqua MODIS reflective solar band calibration

Amit Angal, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Kevin Twedt, Junqiang Sun

Proceedings Volume 12685, 126851D (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676999

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Light scattering, Mirrors, Equipment, Scattered light, Reflectivity, Light sources and illumination, Displays, Diffusers

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

Early mission performance of NOAA-21 VIIRS reflective solar bands

Ning Lei, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Kevin Twedt, Amit Angal, Sherry Li, Junqiang Sun

Proceedings Volume 12685, 126850Y (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676014

KEYWORDS: Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Short wave infrared radiation, Signal to noise ratio, Sun, Radiometric calibration, Equipment, Displays, Telescopes, Diffusers, Satellites

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SPIE Journal Paper | 3 August 2023

Aqua MODIS: 20 years of on-orbit calibration and performance

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Amit Angal, Tiejun Chang, Emily Aldoretta, Xu Geng, Daniel Link, Junqiang Sun, Kevin Twedt, Aisheng Wu

JARS, Vol. 17, Issue 03, 037501, (August 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.17.037501

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Crosstalk, Space operations, Equipment, Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 28 October 2022 Poster + Paper

VIIRS TEB calibration uncertainty analysis

Carlos Perez Diaz, Kwofu (Vincent) Chiang, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12264, 122640K (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2636033

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Algorithm development, Long wavelength infrared, Error analysis, Staring arrays, Reflectivity, Mid-IR, Uncertainty analysis, Standards development

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Proceedings Article | 28 October 2022 Presentation

Twenty years of Aqua MODIS on-orbit calibration, performance, and improvements

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Amit Angal, Tiejun Chang, Emily Aldoretta, Xu Geng, Daniel Link, Junqiang Sun, Kevin Twedt, Aisheng Wu

Proceedings Volume PC12264, PC122640B (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635957

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Sensor calibration, Visible radiation, Remote sensing, Reflectivity, Long wavelength infrared, Infrared radiation, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2022 Presentation

Uncertainty analysis for SNPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS day-night band

Junqiang Sun, Hongda Chen, Gal Sarid, Chengbo Sun, Daniel Link, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122320O (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2632306

KEYWORDS: Uncertainty analysis, Sensors, Calibration, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Magnesium, Diffusers, Americium

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2022 Presentation + Paper

Calibration of NOAA-20 VIIRS reflective solar bands with combined solar diffuser and lunar data for NASA Collection 2 L1B

Kevin Twedt, Tiejun Chang, Amit Angal, Ning Lei, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122320R (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2631700

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Diffusers, Sun, Algorithm development, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2022 Presentation + Paper

S-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS day-night band on-orbit calibration and performance

H. Chen, C. Sun, D. Link, G. Sarid, J. Sun, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122320P (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2632310

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, Contamination, Signal to noise ratio, Satellites, Diffusers

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2022 Paper

Lunar calibration enhancements for MODIS collection 7

Truman Wilson, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Xu Geng, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122320C (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2633409

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Image sensors

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2022 Paper

Improvements in the identification of CTIA saturation in NASA VIIRS L1B

Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Sherry Li, Carlos Pérez Díaz, Xu Geng

Proceedings Volume 12232, 122321D (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2633038

KEYWORDS: Short wave infrared radiation, Spatial resolution, Sensors, Reflectivity, Calibration, Visible radiation, Space operations, Infrared radiation, Image resolution, Data conversion

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Poster + Paper

S-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS thermal emissive bands diurnal F-factor oscillations impacts on Earth view retrievals

Carlos Perez Diaz, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11829, 1182919 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2593953

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Long wavelength infrared, Spatial resolution, Solids, Visible radiation, Staring arrays, Phase shifts, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2021 Presentation + Paper

S-NPP VIIRS solar diffuser degradation at the view direction of rotating telescope assembly

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11727, 117270J (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2587221

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Telescopes, Diffusers, Short wave infrared radiation, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Spectral calibration, Performance modeling, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2020 Presentation + Paper

Eighteen years of Aqua MODIS on-orbit operation, calibration, and performance

X. Xiong, E. Aldoretta, A. Angal, T. Chang, X. Geng, D. Link, J. Sun, K. Twedt, A. Wu

Proceedings Volume 11530, 1153013 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2574995

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Earth's atmosphere, Atmospheric sciences, Remote sensing system design, Reflectivity, Remote sensing, Environmental sensing, Climatology

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2020 Presentation + Paper

Improvements in the calibration of the NOAA-20 VIIRS day-night band low gain stage using a solar diffuser

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11530, 1153014 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2572957

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Satellite imaging, Satellites, Reflectivity, Vignetting, Signal attenuation

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2020 Presentation + Paper

MODIS reflective solar bands lunar calibration update and improvements

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Amit Angal, Truman Wilson

Proceedings Volume 11530, 115301C (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2572956

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Reflectivity, Space operations, Aerospace engineering, Mirrors, Robotics, Observatories, Instrument modeling

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The MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments on-board the Terra and Aqua spacecrafts were launched on December 18, 1999 and May 4, 2002, respectively. Each instrument has been scheduled to view the Moon through its Space View (SV) port approximately once per month in order to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of their reflective solar bands (RSB). The lunar calibration has played a key role in tracking the change in the response versus scan angle (RVS) of the instrument’s scan mirror, which is an essential part of the RSB calibration. The lunar irradiance observed by MODIS depends on the view geometry and it is crucial to remove the geometric effects in order to derive accurate RSB calibration coefficients. With a scheduled roll maneuver, the lunar phase angles are kept in a narrow range of 1° for each MODIS instrument such that the impact of these geometric effects is minimized. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge to completely remove the impact of geometric effects in the calibration coefficients derived from the lunar observations, considering the high expectations for the accuracy and quality of the results. In the current MODIS lunar calibration, the geometric effects on the lunar irradiance are corrected by the RObotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) model. The overall relative uncertainty of the ROLO model for the MODIS calibration has been assessed to be about 1% in the selected lunar phase angle range of 1°. It could be as large as 4% beyond this small phase angle range, especially for the shortest wavelengths. This uncertainty induces noticeable oscillations in the calibration coefficients derived from the lunar observations. We developed a simple lunar model, which is based on MODIS lunar measurements, derived from scheduled lunar observations, as well as those obtained from intrusion of the Moon in the SV, referred to as unscheduled lunar observations, in the time period from 2005 to 2012. Here, the scheduled lunar observations for the entire mission are reprocessed with the new lunar model applied to correct the view geometry effects for each MODIS instrument. New calibration coefficients for the RSBs are calculated. We show that oscillations and noise in the derived lunar calibration coefficients are significantly reduced for both MODIS instruments.

Proceedings Article | 10 October 2019 Paper

Using the moon and stars for VIIRS day/night band on-orbit calibration

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Truman Wilson, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun

Proceedings Volume 11151, 111511Q (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532977

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Stars, Magnesium, Sensors, Reflectivity, Space operations, Satellites, Diffusers, Aerospace engineering, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

NOAA-20 VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11151, 111511J (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532773

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Imaging systems, Radiometry, Diffusers, MODIS, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration using the Moon

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11151, 111511P (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532776

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sensors, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2019 Presentation + Paper

SNPP VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration seven-year update: extension and improvements

Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 11151, 111511I (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532769

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Diffusers, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2019 Presentation

On aspects of on-orbit RSB calibration of SNPP VIIRS and other similar mulitspectral sensors. (Conference Presentation)

I-Wen Mike Chu, Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 11127, 1112719 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529487

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensor calibration, Sensors, MODIS

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation

Polarization effect in NOAA-20 reflective solar bands and its mitigation in Earth view imagery and radiometry (Conference Presentation)

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107641G (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320244

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Radiometry, Reflectivity, Sensors, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

NOAA-20 VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration using solar diffuser and solar diffuser stability monitor

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107641C (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320232

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Sun, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Modulation, Satellites, Visible radiation, Radiometry, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

NOAA-20 VIIRS on-orbit calibration and characterization using the Moon

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107640U (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320236

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, Contamination, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, MODIS, Visible radiation, Infrared radiation, Reflectivity, Short wave infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

SNPP VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration six-year update: extension and improvements

J. Sun, M. Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107641A (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320238

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Solids, Reflectivity, Near infrared, Satellite imaging, Satellites, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

MODIS cross-talk effects and areas of potential performance differences for Terra from Aqua characteristics

B. Guenther, Junqiang Sun, Christopher Moeller

Proceedings Volume 10764, 1076411 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320325

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Calibration, Mid-IR, Photovoltaics, Analog electronics

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Paper

On-orbit RSB calibration of SNPP VIIRS using the full illumination profile of solar diffuser

Junqiang Sun, Mike Chu, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107641D (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320828

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Sun, Satellites, Modulation, Solids, Light scattering, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

Evaluation of early NOAA-20 VIIRS RSB radiometric performance using intercomparison with Aqua MODIS

Mike Chu, Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10764, 107640W (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2321095

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Satellites, Sensors, Satellite imaging, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2017 Presentation

SNPP VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration using the Moon (Conference Presentation)

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10423, 1042310 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278729

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sensor calibration, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Space operations, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2017 Presentation

Crosstalk effect and its mitigation in MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands (Conference Presentation)

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10423, 1042315 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2278727

KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, MODIS, Calibration, Electronic circuits, Sensor calibration, Ranging, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Contamination

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2017 Presentation

Electronic crosstalk effect in SNPP VIIRS thermal emissive bands (Conference Presentation)

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021Q (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272897

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Black bodies, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Photovoltaics, Contamination, Visible radiation

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2017 Presentation

Improvements in the calibration of the SNPP VIIRS day-night band (Conference Presentation)

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021T (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272882

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Satellites, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Satellite imaging, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Vignetting, Signal attenuation

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Paper

The curious case of the intersensor radiometric comparison of SNPP VIIRS M11 with Aqua MODIS B7

Mike Chu, Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104022E (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272434

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Satellites, Spatial resolution, Reflectivity, Sun, Sensors, Data centers, Satellite imaging, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

The inter-sensor radiometric comparison of SNPP VIIRS reflective solar bands with Aqua MODIS updated through June 2017

Mike Chu, Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 1040222 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272437

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Statistical analysis, Satellites, Sensors, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Suomi-NPP VIIRS initial reprocessing improvements and validations in the reflective solar bands (RSBs)

Taeyoung Choi, Junqiang Sun, Bin Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Changyong Cao, Fuzhong Weng, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021V (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274081

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Sensors, Infrared sensors, Remote sensing, Data processing, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Crosstalk effect and its mitigation in Aqua MODIS middle wave infrared bands

Junqiang Sun, S. Madhavan, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104020N (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273015

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Mid-IR, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Algorithm development, Contamination, Long wavelength infrared, Photovoltaics, Space operations, Short wave infrared radiation

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The MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is one of the primary instruments in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS). The first MODIS instrument was launched in December 1999 on-board the Terra spacecraft. A follow on MODIS was launched on an afternoon orbit in 2002 and is aboard the Aqua spacecraft. Both MODIS instruments are very akin, has 36 bands, among which bands 20 to 25 are Middle Wave Infrared (MWIR) bands covering a wavelength range from approximately 3.750 μm to 4.515 μm. It was found that there was severe contamination in these bands early in mission but the effect has not been characterized and mitigated at the time. The crosstalk effect induces strong striping in the Earth View (EV) images and causes significant retrieval errors in the EV Brightness Temperature (BT) in these bands. An algorithm using a linear approximation derived from on-orbit lunar observations has been developed to correct the crosstalk effect and successfully applied to mitigate the effect in both Terra and Aqua MODIS Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) Photovoltaic (PV) bands. In this paper, the crosstalk effect in the Aqua MWIR bands is investigated and characterized by deriving the crosstalk coefficients using the scheduled Aqua MODIS lunar observations for the MWIR bands. It is shown that there are strong crosstalk contaminations among the five MWIR bands and they also have significant crosstalk contaminations from Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands. The crosstalk correction algorithm previously developed is applied to correct the crosstalk effect in these bands. It is demonstrated that the crosstalk correction successfully reduces the striping in the EV images and improves the accuracy of the EV BT in the five bands as was done similarly for LWIR PV bands. The crosstalk correction algorithm should thus be applied to improve both the image quality and radiometric accuracy of the Aqua MODIS MWIR bands Level 1B (L1B) products.

Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

RSB calibration of SNPP VIIRS using solar diffuser illuminated by scattered light

Junqiang Sun, Mike Chu, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021Y (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2272898

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Light scattering, Reflectivity, Satellites, Light, MODIS, Remote sensing, Data processing, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Reflective solar bands calibration improvements and look up tables for SNPP VIIRS operational mission-long SDR reprocessing

J. Sun, M. Wang

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021W (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2271636

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Sensors, Environmental sensing, Data processing, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration five-year update: extension and improvements

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99721B (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236997

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Visible radiation, Sensors, Satellites, Seaborgium, Near infrared, Sun, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

Improvement in the cloud mask for Terra MODIS mitigated by electronic crosstalk correction in the 6.7 µm and 8.5 µm channels

Junqiang Sun, S. Madhavan, M. Wang

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99720Z (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237013

KEYWORDS: Clouds, MODIS, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Sensors, Space operations, Reflectivity, Radiometry, Contamination, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

Crosstalk effect and its mitigation in thermal emissive bands of remote sensors

J. Sun, S. Madhavan, M. Wang

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99720Y (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237010

KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, MODIS, Calibration, Remote sensing, Sensors, Electronic circuits, Satellites, Long wavelength infrared, Detection and tracking algorithms, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

An exposition on the solar diffuser degradation non-uniformity effect for SNPP VIIRS and Terra/Aqua MODIS

Junqiang Sun, Mike Chu, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99721E (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236991

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, MODIS, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Satellites, Sensors, Calibration, MODIS, Reflectivity, Satellites, Satellite imaging, Mirrors, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2016 Paper

Radiometric evaluation of the SNPP VIIRS reflective solar band sensor data records via inter-sensor comparison with Aqua MODIS

Mike Chu, Juniqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9972, 99721R (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236942

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Satellites, Reflectivity, Satellite imaging, Sensors, Statistical analysis, Sun, Spatial resolution, Data centers

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The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) in the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite has been on orbit for nearly five years since its launch on 28 October 2011. The NOAA Ocean Color (OC) Team through the investigations of Sun and Wang has recently achieved robust calibration of the VIIRS reflective solar bands (RSBs) and generated its own version of the sensor data records (SDRs) with accuracy sufficient for ocean color applications. For the purpose of making a direct evaluation of the SDR performance, for both the OC version and the official Interface Processing Data Segment (IDPS) version, we utilize an inter-sensor radiometric comparison of SNPP VIIRS against the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite for the spectrally matching RSBs. The VIIRS RSBs M1–M8, from 410 to 1238 nm in the spectral range, are tested. Except for the VIIRS M1 versus MODIS Band 8 result, the radiance comparison time series shows that the OC SDRs demonstrate good agreement with Aqua MODIS and overall better results than the IDPS SDRs, such as less variation, no large discrepancy at the beginning of the VIIRS mission, and no long-term drift. The VIIRS M1 versus MODIS Band 8 trend is the lone exception showing a drift in the OC SDR-based trends, but eventually a downward drift of 1% in Aqua MODIS Band 8 is identified to be the cause. It is readily concluded that the inter-comparison result directly demonstrates the OC SDRs to be correct within statistics, especially considering that the ocean color products derived from the OC SDRs have already matured and demonstrated good agreement with in situ data. On the other hand, the IDPS SDR results demonstrably expose the known inherent growing bias in RSB calibration that affects any versions of the SNPP VIIRS SDRs not using the correctly mitigated calibration baseline. The inter-comparison of two moderate resolution sensors is also an exercise in statistics, and we briefly discuss key points of the pixel-based analysis that establishes the precision and the reliability of the result

SPIE Journal Paper | 6 October 2015

On-orbit noise characterization of MODIS reflective solar bands

Amit Angal, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Xu Geng

JARS, Vol. 9, Issue 01, 094092, (October 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.9.094092

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Calibration, Reflectivity, Near infrared, Short wave infrared radiation, Diffusers, Infrared sensors, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2015 Paper

Electronic crosstalk in Terra MODIS thermal emissive bands

Junqiang Sun, Sriharsha Madhavan, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9607, 96070V (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188171

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Long wavelength infrared, Calibration, Algorithm development, Photovoltaics, Contamination, Solids, Image quality, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Electronic crosstalk characterization of Terra MODIS long wave infrared channels

Sriharsha Madhavan, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Kwofu Chiang, Aisheng Wu

Proceedings Volume 9607, 96070W (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185960

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, MODIS, Domes, Calibration, Photovoltaics, Infrared radiation, Staring arrays, Clouds, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

Evaluation of VIIRS ocean color products

Menghua Wang, Xiaoming Liu, Lide Jiang, SeungHyun Son, Junqiang Sun, Wei Shi, Liqin Tan, Puneeta Naik, Karlis Mikelsons, Xiaolong Wang, Veronica Lance

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92610E (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069251

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensor calibration, Data processing, In situ metrology, Satellites, Water, Ocean optics, Short wave infrared radiation, Magnesium

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The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) was successfully launched on October 28, 2011. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi NPP, which has 22 spectral bands (from visible to infrared) similar to the NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is a multi-disciplinary sensor providing observations for the Earth’s atmosphere, land, and ocean properties. In this paper, we provide some evaluations and assessments of VIIRS ocean color data products, or ocean color Environmental Data Records (EDR), including normalized water-leaving radiance spectra nLw(λ) at VIIRS five spectral bands, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, and water diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm Kd(490). Specifically, VIIRS ocean color products derived from the NOAA Multi-Sensor Level-1 to Level-2 (NOAA-MSL12) ocean color data processing system are evaluated and compared with MODIS ocean color products and in situ measurements. MSL12 is now NOAA’s official ocean color data processing system for VIIRS. In addition, VIIRS Sensor Data Records (SDR or Level- 1B data) have been evaluated. In particular, VIIRS SDR and ocean color EDR have been compared with a series of in situ data from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) in the waters off Hawaii. A notable discrepancy of global deep water Chl-a derived from MODIS and VIIRS between 2012 and 2013 is observed. This discrepancy is attributed to the SDR (or Level-1B data) calibration issue and particularly related to VIIRS green band at 551 nm. To resolve this calibration issue, we have worked on our own sensor calibration by combining the lunar calibration effect into the current calibration method. The ocean color products derived from our new calibrated SDR in the South Pacific Gyre show that the Chl-a differences between 2012 and 2013 are significantly reduced. Although there are still some issues, our results show that VIIRS is capable of providing high-quality global ocean color products in support of science research and operational applications. The VIIRS evaluation and monitoring results can be found at the website: http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/sod/mecb/color/index.html.

Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

VIIRS ocean color data visualization and processing with IDL-based NOAA-SeaDAS

Xiaolong Wang, Xiaoming Liu, Lide Jiang, Menghua Wang, Junqiang Sun

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92611H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2070478

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Visualization, Satellites, Data processing, MODIS, Data analysis, Data visualization, Image visualization, Satellite imaging, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

VIIRS RDR to SDR data processing for ocean color EDR

Liqin Tan, Menghua Wang, Junqiang Sun, Lide Jiang

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92611I (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2070555

KEYWORDS: Data processing, Calibration, Algorithm development, Data archive systems, Sensors, Satellites, Visible radiation, Data centers, Reflectivity, Near infrared

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SPIE Journal Paper | 20 November 2014

On-orbit performance of MODIS solar diffuser stability monitor

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Taeyoung Choi, Eric Johnson

JARS, Vol. 8, Issue 01, 083514, (November 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.8.083514

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Sun, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Near infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Space operations, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 2014 Paper

Electronic crosstalk correction for terra long wave infrared photovoltaic bands

Junqiang Sun, Sriharsha Madhavan, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9264, 926412 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069028

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Long wavelength infrared, Photovoltaics, Calibration, Algorithm development, Contamination, Infrared photography, Infrared radiation, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 2014 Paper

VIIRS reflective solar bands on-orbit calibration and performance: a three-year update

Junqiang Sun, Menghua Wang

Proceedings Volume 9264, 92640L (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2068964

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Sun, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Seaborgium, Mirrors, Near infrared, Satellites, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2014 Paper

Statistical analysis of the electronic crosstalk correction in Terra MODIS Band 27

Sriharsha Madhavan, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Brian Wenny, Aisheng Wu

Proceedings Volume 9218, 921824 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2060718

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Statistical analysis, Calibration, Linear filtering, Long wavelength infrared, Spatial filters, Space operations, Reflectivity, Photovoltaics

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The first MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), also known as the Proto-Flight model (PFM), is on-board the Terra spacecraft and has completed 14 years of on orbit flight as of December 18, 2013. MODIS remotely senses the Earth in 36 spectral bands, with a wavelength range from 0.4 μm to 14.4 μm. The 36 bands can be subdivided into two groups based on their spectral responsivity as Reflective Solar Bands (RSBs) and Thermal Emissive Bands (TEBs). Band 27 centered at 6.77 μm is a TEB used to study the global water vapor distribution. It was found recently that this band has been severely affected by electronic crosstalk. The electronic crosstalk magnitude, its on-orbit change and calibration impact have been well characterized in our previous studies through the use of regularly scheduled lunar observations. Further, the crosstalk correction was implemented in Earth view (EV) images and quantified the improvements of the same. However, improvements remained desirable on several fronts. Firstly, the effectiveness of the correction needed to be analyzed spatially and radiometrically over a number of scenes. Also, the temporal aspect of the correction had to be investigated in a rigorous manner. In order to address these issues, a one-orbit analysis was performed on the Level 1A (L1A) scene granules over a ten year period from 2003 through 2012. Results have been quantified statistically and show a significant reduction of image striping, as well as removal of leaked signal features from the neighboring bands. Statistical analysis was performed by analyzing histograms of the one-orbit granules at a scene and detector level before and after correction. The comprehensive analysis and results reported in this paper will be very helpful to the scientific community in understanding the impacts of crosstalk correction on various scenes and could potentially be applied for future improvements of band 27 calibration and, therefore, its retrieval for the Level 2 (L2) geophysical parameters.

Proceedings Article | 26 September 2014 Paper

Monitoring the Terra and Aqua MODIS RSB calibration using the scattered light from the nadir-port

Amit Angal, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Xu Geng, Junqiang Sun

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92181J (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061358

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Light scattering, Scattering, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Sensors, Sun, Neodymium

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2014 Paper

Status of time-dependent response versus scan-angle (RVS) for Terra and Aqua MODIS reflective solar bands

Xu Geng, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Hongda Chen, Aisheng Wu, Yonghong Li, Daniel Link, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92181P (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2061098

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Mirrors, Sensors, Detection and tracking algorithms, Diffusers, Visible radiation, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 16 October 2013 Paper

Status of MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization

X. Xiong, B. Wenny, J. Sun, A. Angal, A. Wu, H. Chen, X. Geng, T. Choi, S. Madhavan, D. Link, W. Barnes, Vincent Salomonson

Proceedings Volume 8889, 88890U (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2028953

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Mirrors, Space operations, Sensor calibration, Near infrared, Neodymium

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Proceedings Article | 16 October 2013 Paper

MODIS and VIIRS lunar observations and applications

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Zhipeng Wang, Junqiang Sun, Amit Angal, Jon Fulbright, James Butler

Proceedings Volume 8889, 88890V (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2028954

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Spatial resolution, Space operations, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Sensor calibration, Earth observing sensors

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

On-orbit calibration performance of MODIS TDI bands

Mike Chu, Junqiang Sun, Amit Angal, Hongda Chen, Xu Geng, Taeyoung Choi, Xiaoxiang (Jack) Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8866, 886605 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024864

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Signal detection, Mirrors, Satellites, Environmental monitoring, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

Improvements of VIIRS and MODIS solar diffuser and lunar calibration

Xiaoxiong Xiong, James Butler, Ning Lei, Junqiang Sun, Jon Fulbright, Zhipeng Wang, Jeff McIntire, Amit Angal

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661M (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024792

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Modulation, Sun, Diffusers, Mirrors, Near infrared, Signal attenuation, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

Assessment of the MODIS RSB detector differences using earth-view targets

Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Xu Geng, Mike Chu, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661T (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023636

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Space operations, Neodymium, Target detection, Diffusers, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 1 July 2013 Paper

Comparison of MODIS and VIIRS solar diffuser stability monitor performance

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Jon Fulbright, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, Zhipeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 8528, 852809 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.977567

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Sun, Diffusers, Signal attenuation, Space operations, Reflectivity, Radiometry, Radio optics

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 May 2013

Terra and Aqua moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer collection 6 level 1B algorithm

Gary Toller, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Brian Wenny, Xu Geng, James Kuyper, Amit Angal, Hongda Chen, Sriharsha Madhavan, Aisheng Wu

JARS, Vol. 7, Issue 01, 073557, (May 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.7.073557

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Long wavelength infrared, Staring arrays, Data acquisition, Detection and tracking algorithms, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric sciences

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2012 Paper

An overview of MODIS RSB calibration and look-up-table delivery process

A. Angal, H. Chen, T. Choi, X. Geng, J. Sun, B. Wenny, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8528, 85280L (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.977550

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Neodymium, Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio, Space operations, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2012 Paper

MODIS reflective solar bands calibration improvements in Collection 6

Junqiang Sun, Amit Angal, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Hongda Chen, Xu Geng, Aisheng Wu, Taeyoung Choi, Mike Chu

Proceedings Volume 8528, 85280N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.979733

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Diffusers, Detection and tracking algorithms, Short wave infrared radiation, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 2012 Paper

Overview of Aqua MODIS 10-year on-orbit calibration and performance

X. Xiong, B. Wenny, J. Sun, A. Angal, A. Wu, H. Chen, T. Choi, S. Madhavan, X. Geng, D. Link, Z. Wang, G. Toller, W. Barnes, V. Salomonson

Proceedings Volume 8533, 853316 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.973769

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Staring arrays, Near infrared, Sensor calibration, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Spectral calibration

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Analog and digital saturation in the MODIS reflective solar bands

S. Madhavan, A. Angal, J. Dodd, J. Sun, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929998

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Analog electronics, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Signal to noise ratio, Detection and tracking algorithms, Calibration, Photovoltaics, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

An overview of Suomi NPP VIIRS calibration maneuvers

James Butler, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Robert Barnes, Frederick Patt, Junqiang Sun, Kwofu Chiang

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101J (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930993

KEYWORDS: Space operations, Calibration, Diffusers, MODIS, Infrared radiation, Visible radiation, Sensors, Mirrors, Infrared imaging, Reflectivity

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The first Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument was successfully launched on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) spacecraft on October 28, 2011. Suomi NPP VIIRS observations are made in 22 spectral bands, from the visible (VIS) to the long-wave infrared (LWIR), and are used to produce 22 Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with a broad range of scientific applications. The quality of these VIIRS EDRs strongly depends on the quality of its calibrated and geo-located Sensor Date Records (SDRs). Built with a strong heritage to the NASA’s EOS MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument, the VIIRS is calibrated on-orbit using a similar set of on-board calibrators (OBC), including a solar diffuser (SD) and solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) system for the reflective solar bands (RSB) and a blackbody (BB) for the thermal emissive bands (TEB). Onorbit maneuvers of the SNPP spacecraft provide additional calibration and characterization data from the VIIRS instrument which cannot be obtained pre-launch and are required to produce the highest quality SDRs. These include multiorbit yaw maneuvers for the characterization of SD and SDSM screen transmission, quasi-monthly roll maneuvers to acquire lunar observations to track sensor degradation in the visible through shortwave infrared, and a driven pitch-over maneuver to acquire multiple scans of deep space to determine TEB response versus scan angle (RVS). This paper provides an overview of these three SNPP calibration maneuvers. Discussions are focused on their potential calibration and science benefits, pre-launch planning activities, and on-orbit scheduling and implementation strategies. Results from calibration maneuvers performed during the Intensive Calibration and Validation (ICV) period for the VIIRS sensor are illustrated. Also presented in this paper are lessons learned regarding the implementation of calibration spacecraft maneuvers on follow-on missions.

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

NPP VIIRS on-orbit calibration and characterization using the moon

J. Sun, X. Xiong, J. Butler

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.939933

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Staring arrays, Safety, Mirrors, Visible radiation, Reflectivity, Space operations, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Recent progress of MODIS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation characterization

H. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Sun, A. Angal, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85100I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929705

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Sun, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Signal attenuation, Radiometry, Signal detection, Vignetting

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

On-orbit performance of the MODIS reflective solar bands time-dependent response versus scan angle algorithm

J. Sun, X. Xiong, A. Angal, H. Chen, Xu Geng, A. Wu

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85100J (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930021

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Sensors, Detection and tracking algorithms, Lamps, Solids, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

On-orbit Performance of MODIS Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor

Xiaoxiong (Jack) Xiong, Amit Angal, Taeyoung Choi, Junqiang Sun, Eric Johnson

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85100H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930963

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Sun, Diffusers, Near infrared, Signal attenuation, Reflectivity, Radiometry, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2011 Paper

Using the Moon to track MODIS reflective solar bands calibration stability

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Xu Geng, Amit Angal, Junqiang Sun, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 8176, 817611 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897784

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Near infrared, Reflectivity, Short wave infrared radiation, Mirrors, Earth observing sensors, Diffusers, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2011 Paper

Terra MODIS band 27 electronic crosstalk: cause, impact, and mitigation

J. Sun, S. Madhavan, B. Wenny, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8176, 81760Z (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897754

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Long wavelength infrared, Calibration, Spatial resolution, Staring arrays, Bismuth, Image quality, Signal detection, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2011 Paper

Solar and lunar observation planning for Earth-observing sensor

J. Sun, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8176, 817610 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897751

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Sun, Space operations, Reflectivity, Remote sensing, Diffusers, Algorithm development, Safety

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MODIS on-orbit calibration activities include the use of the on-board solar diffuser (SD), SD stability monitor (SDSM) and regularly scheduled lunar observations for the Reflective Solar Bands (RSB) radiometric calibration. Normally, the SD door is closed when there is no SD/SDSM observation to avoid the unnecessary illumination of the sunlight on the SD, which causes the SD degradation. The SD is illuminated over a very short period of time when the spacecraft crosses from the night side to the day side. To implement a SD/SDSM calibration, the SD door needs to be open and the SDSM needs to be turned on during the short period of time when the SD is illuminated. A planning tool is needed to predict the exact times for the opening and closing of SD door and SDSM on/off operations of SDSM for each SD/SDSM calibration. The tool is also needed for MODIS yaw maneuvers implemented for SD bi-direction reflectance factor (BRF) validation and SD screen vignetting function (VF) derivation. MODIS observes the Moon through its space view (SV) port. To increase the opportunity for more lunar observations and to keep the lunar phase angle in a selected narrow range that minimizes the view geometric effect on the observed lunar irradiance, a spacecraft roll maneuver is allowed and implemented for MODIS lunar observations. A lunar observation planning tool is required to predict the time and roll angle needed for each lunar observation in the selected phase angle range. The tool is also needed to determine the phase angle range such that the MODIS can view the Moon in as many months as possible each year with the phase angle in the range. The MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) is responsible for MODIS instrument operation and calibration. We have developed a set of tools to address these needs and have successfully applied them to both Terra and Aqua MODIS. In this paper, we describe the design methodologies and the implementation of the tools. The tools have also been applied to VIIRS and can be applied to other remote sensors.

Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Results of MODIS band-to-band registration characterization using on-orbit lunar observations

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Amit Angal, Yong Xie, Taeyoung Choi, Zhipeng Wang

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81531R (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893224

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Near infrared, Long wavelength infrared, Image registration, Radio optics, Spectral calibration, Image resolution, Mercury cadmium telluride

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Characterization of MODIS mirror side difference in the reflective solar spectral region

X. Geng, A. Angal, J. Sun, A. Wu, T. Choi, X. Xiong

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81531O (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892488

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, MODIS, Polarization, Calibration, Reflectivity, Sensors, Space operations, Visible radiation, Sun, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2010 Paper

Terra MODIS band 2 electronic crosstalk: cause, impact, and mitigation

J. Sun, X. Xiong, N. Che, A. Angal

Proceedings Volume 7826, 78261Y (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864738

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Contamination, Near infrared, Algorithm development, Detection and tracking algorithms, Silicon, Imaging systems, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 14 October 2010 Paper

Time-dependent response versus scan angle and its uncertainty for MODIS reflective solar bands

J. Sun, X. Xiong, H. Chen, A. Angal, X. Geng, A. Wu

Proceedings Volume 7826, 782620 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.864735

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio, Aerospace engineering, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2010 Paper

Calibration support for NPP VIIRS SDR assessment

Kwo-Fu Chiang, Aisheng Wu, Junqiang Sun, Mathew Schwaller, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 7807, 78071A (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.859945

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, MODIS, Data archive systems, Satellites, Software development, Space operations, Atmospheric sciences, Environmental sensing, Diffusers

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2010 Paper

MODIS calibration algorithm improvements developed for Collection 6 Level-1B

Brian Wenny, Junqiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Aisheng Wu, Hongda Chen, Amit Angal, Taeyoung Choi, Na Chen, Sriharsha Madhavan, Xu Geng, James Kuyper, Liqin Tan

Proceedings Volume 7807, 78071F (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.860892

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Algorithm development, Mirrors, Detection and tracking algorithms, Space operations, Temperature metrology, Data processing, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

The cross calibration of SeaWiFS and MODIS using on-orbit observations of the Moon

Robert Eplee, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Jun-Qiang Sun, Gerhard Meister, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825160

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Space operations, Remote sensing, Instrument modeling, Satellites, Aerospace engineering, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Time-dependent response versus scan angle for MODIS reflective solar bands

J. Sun, X. Xiong, H. Chen, A. Angal, X. Geng, A. Wu

Proceedings Volume 7452, 745219 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825168

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Mirrors, Calibration, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Space operations, Diffusers, Spectral calibration, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Characterization of MODIS and SeaWiFS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation

X. Xiong, R. Eplee, J. Sun, F. Patt, A. Angal, C. McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.824797

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Sun, Sensor calibration, Space operations, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

MODIS and SeaWIFS on-orbit lunar calibration

J. Sun, R. Eplee, X. Xiong, T. Stone, G. Meister, C. McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810Y (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795338

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Instrument modeling, Mirrors, Space operations, Reflectivity, Radiometric corrections, Diffusers, Data modeling

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The Moon plays an important role in the radiometric stability monitoring of the NASA Earth Observing System's (EOS) remote sensors. The MODIS and SeaWIFS are two of the key instruments for NASA's EOS missions. The MODIS Protoflight Model (PFM) on-board the Terra spacecraft and the MODIS Flight Model 1 (FM1) on-board the Aqua spacecraft were launched on December 18, 1999 and May 4, 2002, respectively. They view the Moon through the Space View (SV) port approximately once a month to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of their Reflective Solar Bands (RSB). SeaWIFS was launched on-board the OrbView-2 spacecraft on August 1, 1997. The SeaWiFS lunar calibrations are obtained once a month at a nominal phase angle of 7°. The lunar irradiance observed by these instruments depends on the viewing geometry. The USGS photometric model of the Moon (the ROLO model) has been developed to provide the geometric corrections for the lunar observations. For MODIS, the lunar view responses with corrections for the viewing geometry are used to track the gain change for its reflective solar bands (RSB). They trend the system response degradation at the Angle Of Incidence (AOI) of sensor's SV port. With both the lunar observation and the on-board Solar Diffuser (SD) calibration, it is shown that the MODIS system response degradation is wavelength, mirror side, and AOI dependent. Time-dependent Response Versus Scan angle (RVS) Look-Up Tables (LUT) are applied in MODIS RSB calibration and lunar observations play a key role in RVS derivation. The corrections provided by the RVS in the Terra and Aqua MODIS data from the 412 nm band are as large as 16% and 13%, respectively. For SeaWIFS lunar calibrations, the spacecraft is pitched across the Moon so that the instrument views the Moon near nadir through the same optical path as it views the Earth. The SeaWiFS system gain changes for its eight bands are calibrated using the geometrically-corrected lunar observations. The radiometric corrections to the SeaWiFS data, after more than ten years on orbit, are 19% at 865 nm, 8% at 765 nm, and 1-3% in the other bands. In this report, the lunar calibration algorithms are reviewed and the RSB gain changes observed by the lunar observations are shown for all three sensors. The lunar observations for the three instruments are compared using the USGS photometric model. The USGS lunar model facilitates the cross calibration of instruments with different spectra bandpasses whose measurements of the Moon differ in time and observing geometry.

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Sun beta angle residuals in solar diffuser measurements of the MODIS ocean bands

Gerhard Meister, Junqiang Sun, Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796291

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Diffusers, Sun, Reflectivity, Data modeling, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Data centers

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Characterization of MODIS VIS/NIR spectral band detector-to-detector differences

X. Xiong, J. Sun, G. Meister, E. Kwiatkowska, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810C (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.792700

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Mirrors, Diffusers, Mid-IR, Short wave infrared radiation, Reflectivity, Near infrared, Infrared radiation

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 February 2008

Status of earth observing system Terra and Aqua moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer level 1B algorithm

Gary Toller, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Kwo-Fu Chiang, James Kuyper, Junqiang Sun, Liqin Tan, William Barnes

JARS, Vol. 2, Issue 01, 023505, (February 2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2839442

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Detection and tracking algorithms, Space operations, Short wave infrared radiation, Electronics, Diffusers, Data conversion

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2007 Paper

An overview of Aqua MODIS after five-year on-orbit operation and calibration

W. Barnes, X. Xiong, B. Wenny, X. Xie, A. Wu, N. Che, J. Sun, V. Salomonson

Proceedings Volume 6744, 67441G (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736788

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Diffusers, Black bodies, Infrared radiation, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2007 Paper

Applications and results of MODIS lunar observations

X. Xiong, J. Sun, A. Angal, K. Chiang, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 6744, 67441H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736787

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Staring arrays, Reflectivity, Short wave infrared radiation, Long wavelength infrared, Mirrors, Thermography, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

MODIS reflective solar bands unscheduled lunar observations

J. Sun, X. Xiong, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66771K (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.732521

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Space operations, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Solids, Systems modeling, Stars, Optical tracking

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Characterization of MODIS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation

X. Xiong, X. Xie, A. Angal, J. Choi, J. Sun, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770O (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.731304

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Diffusers, Sun, Reflectivity, Electronics, Radiometry, Ocean optics, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2006 Paper

Four years of Aqua MODIS on-orbit radiometric calibration

W. Barnes, X. Xiong, X. Xie, A. Wu, K. Chiang, J. Sun, V. Salomonson, B. Guenther

Proceedings Volume 6361, 63610R (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.687160

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Mirrors, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Space operations, Long wavelength infrared, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2006 Paper

Multiyear lunar observations from TRMM/VIRS, Terra/MODIS, and Aqua/MODIS

C. Lyu, J. Sun, X. Xiong, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 6298, 629811 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679084

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sun, Mirrors, Satellites, Data modeling, Phase measurement

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Results and lessons learned from MODIS polarization sensitivity characterization

J. Sun, X. Xiong, X. Wang, S. Qiu, S. Xiong, E. Waluschka

Proceedings Volume 6296, 629605 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679080

KEYWORDS: Polarization, MODIS, Mirrors, Sensors, Light sources, Imaging systems, Near infrared, Light, Reflectivity, Prisms

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Results and lessons from MODIS reflective solar bands calibration: pre-launch to on-orbit

X. Xiong, N. Che, C. Pan, X. Xie, J. Sun, W. Barnes, B. Guenther

Proceedings Volume 6296, 629607 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679144

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio, Electronics, Mirrors, Space operations, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

An overview of inter-comparison methodologies for Terra and Aqua MODIS calibration

X. Xiong, A. Wu, J. Sun, B. Wenny

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679162

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Environmental sensing, Temperature metrology, Climatology, Satellites, Signal to noise ratio, Diffusers

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With increasing efforts on data fusion and long-term climate data records (CDR) using observations made by multiple sensors on the same or different platforms, sensor cross-calibration has become increasingly important. It is known that the uncertainty of climate models or science data records depends not only on the calibration quality of individual sensors but also on their calibration consistency. This paper provides an overview of inter-comparison methodologies applied by the MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST) at NASA/GSFC for the studies of Terra and Aqua MODIS on-orbit calibration consistency. Improved over heritage sensors, MODIS was built with a set of on-board calibrators (OBC) that include a blackbody (BB), a space view (SV) port, a solar diffuser (SD), and a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM). The BB is primarily used for the thermal emissive bands (TEB) calibration and the SD/SDSM system for the reflective solar bands (RSB) calibration. Detector responses to the SV provide measurements for the instrument background. Although instrument design requirements and calibration approaches are nearly identical for both Terra and Aqua MODIS and they all went through extensive and similar pre-launch calibration and characterization activities, their on-orbit calibration consistency still has to be carefully examined and validated as many science products are generated from observations made by both instruments. Methodologies discussed in this paper include inter-comparison studies using the Moon, a third sensor, and ground targets. Our results show that Terra and Aqua reflective solar bands and thermal emissive bands have been calibrated consistently to within their combined uncertainty requirements. For the 11mm and 12mm bands used for surface temperature measurements, the calibration differences between Terra and Aqua MODIS are less than ±0.15K at scene temperatures from 240-280K and less than ±0.50K at cold scene temperatures from 190 to 230K (before corrections). For most reflective solar bands, their reflectance calibration differences are typically less than ±2%.

Proceedings Article | 21 October 2005 Paper

Terra and Aqua MODIS calibration algorithms and uncertainty analysis

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Aisheng Wu, Kwo-Fu Chiang, Joe Esposito, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5978, 59780V (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.627631

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Reflectivity, Uncertainty analysis, Diffusers, Short wave infrared radiation, Space operations, Received signal strength, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Performance of MODIS solar diffuser and solar diffuser stability monitor

X. Xiong, H. Erives, S. Xiong, X. Xie, J. Esposito, J. Sun, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820S (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.615334

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Diffusers, Sun, Reflectivity, Near infrared, Radiometry, Mirrors, Imaging systems

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The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflective solar bands (RSB) cover wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.2μm. They are calibrated on-orbit by a solar diffuser (SD) panel, made of space-grade Spectralon. During each SD calibration a solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM) is operated concurrently to track the changes of the SD bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). The SDSM views alternately the sunlight (Sun View) through a fixed transmission screen and the sunlight diffusely reflected from the SD panel (SD view). A design error in the SDSM system, not discovered until post-launch, has caused significant ripples in the SDSM Sun view responses. Consequently an alternative normalization approach has been developed to remove the ripples in the SDSM Sun view responses and their impacts on the SD degradation analysis. This approach has been successfully used in the SDSM measurements on-orbit. In order to reduce the direct solar exposure onto the SD panel, the MODIS instrument was designed with a SD door that is normally commanded to an "open" position during SD/SDSM observations and to a "closed" position when the calibration is completed. For Terra MODIS launched in December 1999, an SD door related anomaly occurred in May 2003 that led to a decision to set the SD door permanently at the open position. This operational configuration has resulted in extra time of direct solar illumination on the SD plate and therefore a much faster SD degradation rate. In this paper we provide a brief description of the MODIS RSB calibration algorithm and the on-board SD and SDSM system used for the calibration. We examine the Terra MODIS SD degradation rate and its spectral dependency. The results from five years of SDSM observations are summarized in this paper and used to evaluate the SD on-orbit performance and its impact on the MODIS RSB calibration uncertainty. Prior to the SD door anomaly, the SD annual degradation rate was approximately 3% at 0.41μm, 2% at 0.47μm, and 1% at 0.53μm. After the SD door anomaly, the SD annual degradation rate has increased to 10% at 0.41μm, 7% at 0.47μm, and 4.5% at 0.53μm.

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Residual correlations in the solar diffuser measurements of the MODIS Aqua ocean color bands to the sun yaw angle

Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Xiaobo Xie, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820V (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620094

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, MODIS, Diffusers, Sun, Solids, Biology, Imaging systems, Space operations, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Analysis of MODIS solar diffuser screen vignetting function

X. Xie, X. Xiong, D. Moyer, J. Sun, X. Liu, W. Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820T (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.615394

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Diffusers, Vignetting, Sensors, Reflectivity, Space operations, Sun, Mirrors, Short wave infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Terra MODIS RSB on-orbit calibration and performance: four years of data

Hector Erives, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Joseph Esposito, Sanxiong Xiong, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5570, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565060

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sun, Electronics, Signal attenuation, Space operations

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Status of Aqua MODIS on-orbit calibration and characterization

Xiaoxiong Xiong, William Barnes, Kwofu Chiang, Hector Erives, Nianzeng Che, Junqiang Sun, Alice Isaacman, Vincent Salomonson

Proceedings Volume 5570, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.564940

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Space operations, Detection and tracking algorithms, Electronics, Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

MODIS reflective solar bands uncertainty analysis

Joseph Esposito, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Aisheng Wu, Junqiang Sun, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5542, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.558106

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Diffusers, Vignetting, Uncertainty analysis, Space operations, Signal to noise ratio, Signal attenuation

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

MODIS on-orbit calibration: key issues and approaches

Xiaoxiong Xiong, K. Chiang, Junqiang Sun, Nianzeng Che, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5542, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.558191

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Diffusers, Short wave infrared radiation, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Long wavelength infrared, Near infrared, Spectral calibration

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2004 Paper

Using the moon for MODIS on-orbit spatial characterization

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, S. Xiong, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5234, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.510570

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Sensors, Calibration, Near infrared, Remote sensing, Satellites, Algorithm development, Spectral calibration, Reflectivity, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2004 Paper

Aqua MODIS first year on-orbit calibration and performance

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Kwo-Fu Chiang, Junqiang Sun, Nianzeng Che, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5234, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.510580

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Satellites, Space operations, Radiometry, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

On-orbit characterization of a solar diffuser’s bidirectional reflectance factor using spacecraft maneuvers

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Junqiang Sun, Joe Esposito, Xiaojin Liu, William Barnes, B. Guenther

Proceedings Volume 5151, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.504802

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sensors, Mirrors, Space operations, Near infrared, Satellites, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 9 April 2003 Paper

MODIS reflective solar bands calibration algorithm and on-orbit performance

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Jun-Qiang Sun, Joseph Esposito, Bruce Guenther, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 4891, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.466096

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Signal to noise ratio, Space operations, Short wave infrared radiation, Mirrors, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 8 April 2003 Paper

MODIS on-orbit characterization using the Moon

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Jun-Qiang Sun, K. Chiang, S. Xiong, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 4881, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462498

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Radio optics, Sun, Diffusers, Space operations, Image registration

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2002 Paper

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Aisheng Wu, Joseph Esposito, Jun-Qiang Sun, Nianzeng Che, Bruce Guenther, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 4814, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.451978

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Mirrors, MODIS, Sensors, Sun, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Space operations, Visible radiation, Spectral calibration

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Proceedings Article | 18 January 2002 Paper

MODIS solar diffuser stability monitor performance

Jun-Qiang Sun, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Bruce Guenther

Proceedings Volume 4483, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453449

KEYWORDS: Sun, MODIS, Computer simulations, Diffusers, Calibration, Mirrors, Spherical lenses, Reflectivity, Performance modeling, Signal attenuation

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Proceedings Article | 18 January 2002 Paper

MODIS solar diffuser: modeled and actual performance

Eugene Waluschka, Joseph Esposito, Jun-Qiang Sun, Xindong Wang, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 4483, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453448

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, MODIS, Signal attenuation, Sun, Calibration, Computer simulations, Fluctuations and noise, Performance modeling, Ray tracing, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 12 December 2001 Paper

Degradation of MODIS optics and its reflective solar bands calibration

Xiaoxiong Xiong, Joseph Esposito, Jun-Qiang Sun, C. Pan, Bruce Guenther, William Barnes

Proceedings Volume 4540, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450646

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Mirrors, Sensors, Sun, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Data processing, Ocean optics, Imaging systems

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Showing 5 of 115 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (2)

Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization V

25 September 2018 | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Earth Observing Missions and Sensors: Development, Implementation, and Characterization IV

4 April 2016 | New Delhi, India

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