The Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory’s John A. Galt 26 m radio telescope serves multiple roles for the Canadian radio astronomy community. It is currently earmarked to serve as an interferometric reference for the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio Transient Detectors (CHORD), and Deep Dish Development Array 6m (D3A6) experiments. The attributes of this telescope make it ideal for spectropolarimetric studies of the interstellar medium, however instrumental conversion of unpolarized radiation into a polarized signal can corrupt the astronomical signal as the telescope undergoes various loading conditions. To characterize these effects, a finite element (FE) model of the telescope was constructed, based on available blue prints and supplemented by manual measurements. Gravity and wind load cases were analyzed for several elevation angles. The FE model will be validated by measuring the first several vibration modes of the actual telescope using the step-release method. This paper will describe the model development and analytical predictions, as well as the experimental approach used to validate these predictions, and will summarize initial results from these tests (if available).
In this article, we present a model describing the mechanical error stack-up and pointing analysis for primary focus radio arrays and summarize our metrology and simulation results. The mathematical framework of the error model is especially formulated for the Deep Dish Development Array 6-m (D3A6) which is a small interferometric radio telescope being deployed at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) site. The 3-element D3A6 will serve as a test bed for the upcoming Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio-transient Detector (CHORD) project which will survey the northern sky to measure baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) observing the 21 cm hyper-fine transition of neutral hydrogen. CHORD will complete similar surveys done by Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX) in the southern hemisphere. All the mechanical error modelling and metrology steps presented here will similarly be used and beneficial for the upcoming CHORD array. Using a Monte Carlo analysis pipeline based on this error propagation model, we study if our mechanical requirements should be tighten or relaxed and how the assembly and alignment of the D3A6 should be adjusted. The dishes are made out of fiber glass composites with metal reflectors embedded in them. Vacuum infusion process is used to fabricate the dishes from a precision mold. The mean mold RMS is measured as 0.54 mm RMS. The dish surface mean RMS error is 0.68 mm with a precision of 0.09 mm obtained from the 3 dishes. The mean boresight error is 21.72 arcmin with a precision of 5.44 arcmin. The study presents the metrology methods and errors obtained from the dish fabrication, assembly of the telescope components, alignment of the dishes. The study provides an insight on the errors and their specified requirement towards the development of CHORD array.
The Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) project to replace the VLA telescope in New Mexico continues to move forward. Concept designs for 15m, 18m, and 6m offset Gregorian antennas based on the Single-piece Rim-supported Composite (SRC) reflector concept have been developed at NRC, the 18m and 6m designs became part of the ngVLA System Reference Design (SRD). The Reference Design array is composed of a main array of 244 x 18m antennas and a short baseline array of 19 x 6m antennas. In the initial design iteration of the 6m antenna, as used in the SRD, was essentially a scaled down version 18m. This design exercise provided a costed concept appropriate for the SRD but did not meet one critical requirement; the ability to close pack the antennas. Following the release of the SRD the team at NRC took a clean piece of paper approach to the 6m antenna design driven by the close packing requirement. This paper will presents the design path from the ngVLA SRD to the latest design.
High precision calibration is essential for the new generation of radio interferometers looking for Baryon Acoustic Oscillation signatures in neutral hydrogen emissions which is a signal buried in foregrounds. Yet, differences in instrument design and non-redundancies in the subsystems consisting such instruments can pose great challenges to proper calibration. For instance, Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) offers a large instantaneous field of view with fast mapping speed with a sensitivity equivalent to a single dish in terms of total collecting area. However, the calibration of its 1000+ individual receivers poses major obstacle to harness the full capability of the new technology. In future instruments, it is planned to use redundancy at the level required for science experiments (typically below 1%). Although, this idea is against the traditional knowledge of having the radio receivers accurate to 1/20th of the observed wavelength, we plan to meet this goal by solving the redundancy issue in the front-end subsystems using precise metrology and alignment methods. To achieve this goal, we work on a 2-element interferometer called Deep Dish Development Array (D3A), with a targeted precision of 1/1000th of a wavelength at 300 MHz, located at Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, located in Penticton, BC, Canada. The D3A will serve as test bed for dish prototyping, composite dish repeatability, antennae back ends which can be scaled to larger arrays without sacrificing the precision. The two dishes are made out of fiber glass composite and measured in the shop condition and in the field after fabrication. The relative pointing accuracy was obtained as 0.02°. The elevation axes of the dishes were placed in East-West direction within 0.04° of error. The surface RMS error was obtained as 0.389 mm which meets the 1/1000th of observation wavelength. RMS error due to temperature variation and assembly error on the dishes were obtained at 1 mm. This article presents the metrology principles applied to obtain the results and challenges. The tests performed in D3A will be implemented in Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX) and the Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio Transient Detector (CHORD).
The Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) project to replace the VLA telescope in New Mexico is just beginning. As a part of the initial Community Studies phase, we have contributed the concept design of a 15m feed-low wheel and track design. This telescope, the Next Generation Dish Verification Antenna 15m (ngDVA-15) follows on from the DVA-1 and DVA-2 antennas developed at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO) between 2012 and the present day. This paper will concentrate on the design and optimization process for the ngDVA-15 back-up structure. Topology and free-size optimization were used to develop the initial design concepts. Both methods helped to steer the back-up structure in the initial design phase, but ultimately engineering intuition also played a role. Topology optimization can lead directly to useful solutions in some cases but hardware and software limitations still limit the physical size of the model. Also, topological routines cannot yet correctly model truss-type networks with no moment transfer at the joints, and optimizing structures with only gravitational loads proved to be challenging for the current generation of optimization routines. Size optimization was also used once the design was sufficiently refined. The initial stage of design involved minimization of reflector surface deflections under gravitational loads only. FEA modelling of surface deflections together with in-house developed fitting algorithms were used to determine primary surface accuracy. Surface accuracies of better than 80 microns RMS were achieved which met the initial design goal for telescope operation at 120GHz.
Dish Verification Antennae (DVA)–1 demonstrates excellent performance at L-band and can operate reasonably up to 10 GHz. However, with recent technological advances, there is a push towards the development of high frequency radio telescopes up to Q-Band and more. As an attempt to demonstrate the capabilities of the composite radio telescopes at higher frequency range (up to Q-Band), a DVA–2 is currently under construction. In this article the authors will elaborate the design path towards the improved carbon based secondary dish support structure (SDSS) for the DVA–2. In DVA–1, the secondary support structure was directly connected to the secondary reflector at four points. At various gravity loads, it is observed in finite element analysis (FEA) that the distortion from the feed platform and adjacent structures are directly transferred into the secondary rim and eventually on to the surface. To separate the effects, a ring made out of carbon composite was placed between the support structure and the secondary reflector. To investigate the size of the ring and especially the layup of the composite, a topology optimization and free-size optimization was performed. A further improvement was achieved by carefully investigating the deformations in the ring and locally stiffening the connection points of the landing tubes on the ring. All these changes in the SDSS resulted in a 96% reduction in RMS residual error for the worst case condition at 15° elevation angle. A combination of careful analyses and application of optimization techniques was paramount to achieve 50GHz performance.
Piezoelectric actuators are a popular choice in micro- and nano-positioning devices. Traditional sensorless position
control approaches use a hysteresis mapping between voltage and position in a voltage feedforward control scheme.
However, this mapping is affected by frequency, temperature, aging etc. Recently, charge control for positioning is also
attracting interest among researchers due to the linear relationship between position and charge. Conversely, a
sophisticated hardware design is required to minimize charge drift. This limits charge based controllers for practical
applications. In this study, a new self-sensing control technique is proposed which requires neither an accurate inverse
mapping nor a sophisticated charge controller. This technique uses a position estimate that is obtained by fusing a
traditional charge based position measurement with a novel capacitance based position measurement. Upon achieving a
reliable position estimate, it is shown that a traditional PI control scheme is sufficient for tracking applications. Different
wave forms having multiple lifts and rates were tested. Error is reduced upto 75% using a self-sensing feedback control
when compared to open loop actuation. These results compare well with traditional self-sensing control techniques found
in literature.
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