KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Spectrometers, Standards development, Inspection, Spectral resolution, Signal to noise ratio, Signal detection, Calibration, Spectral calibration, Signal processing
With the rapid development and application of various Raman spectrometers, the lack of the general inspection or evaluation methods of the Raman spectrometers has become increasingly prominent. The author’s group has completed the compilation of National Standard “General Specification for Raman Spectrometers"(GB/T 40219-2021), which is the first Chinese national standard for Raman spectrometer and was just implemented in December 2021.This paper firstly introduces the background and latest progress of the standardization of Raman spectrometer. Then the drafting process and content of the first national standard are briefly introduced. Finally, an interpretation of key technical specifications for inspection is presented. This work therefore would provide a technical support for the smooth and effective implementation of the national standard, improving the breadth and depth of the application and exchange of Raman technology around the world.
The early cancer detection is of great significance to increase the patient’s survival rate and reduce the risk of cancer development. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique, a rapid, convenient, nondestructive optical detection method, can provide a characteristic “fingerprint” information of target substances, even achieving single molecule detection. Its ultra-high detection sensitivity has made it become one of the most potential biochemical detection methods. Saliva, a multi-constituent oral fluid, contains the bio-markers which is capable of reflecting the systemic health condition of human, showing promising potential as an effect medium for disease monitoring. Compared with the serum samples, the collection and processing of saliva is safer, more convenient and noninvasive. Thus, saliva test is becoming the hotspot issues of the noninvasive cancer research field. This review highlights and analyzes current application progress within the field of SERS saliva test in cancer detection. Meanwhile, the primary research results of SERS saliva for the noninvasive differentiation of nasopharyngeal cancer, normal and rhinitis obtained by our group are shown.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can provide detailed molecular structure and composition information, and has demonstrated great potential in biomedical filed. This spectroscopy technology has become one of the most important optical techniques in the early diagnosis of cancer. Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a malignant neoplasm arising in the nasopharyngeal epithelial lining, which has relatively high incidence and death rate in Southeast Asia and southern China. This paper reviews the current progress of SERS in the field of cancer diagnostics, including gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer. In addition to above researches, we recently develop a novel NPC detection method based on tissue section using SERS, and obtain primary results. The proposed method has promising potential for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is a non-contact, non-invasive, and low-cost optical technique that provides real-time feedback about the absorptive characteristics and the microstructure properties of biological tissue. This optical technique shows the potential for monitoring metabolic status associated with malignancy transformation. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer associated with virus and is the most common male malignancy with a characteristic regional and racial distribution worldwide. This paper investigates the current screening state of nasopharyngeal malignancies and also provides an overview on the applications of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the cancer detection. Furthermore, the latest research relevant to the diagnosis of NPC in vitro tissue using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is introduced. The results of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are summarized, showing a significant experimental and clinical value for further NPC detection in vivo in the future.
Micro-Raman spectroscopy is widely used for non-invasive tissue diagnosis and detection, as it provides detailed information about biomolecular composition, structure, and interaction of tissue. In this work, micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate non-cancerous and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues. The obtained nasopharyngeal tissue samples in vitro are divided into two groups: cancerous (n=12, undifferentiated non-keratinizing carcinomas) and non-cancerous (n=10, 7 chronic inflammations, 2 lymphomas and 1 lymphocytosis). Firstly, we analyzed the Raman spectra in the fingerprint (FP, 400-1800cm-1) region acquired. Preliminary results showed that there are some spectral differences in different pathological conditions. Furthermore, Raman spectra from cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue in the high wavenumber region (HW, 2800-3100cm-1) were also reported for the first time. After detailed analysis, we achieved significant differences in Raman bands at 2854, 2874, 2934, and 3067cm-1 between cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues. This study demonstrates that both fingerprint and high wavenumber regions of micro-Raman spectroscopy have the potential for the early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinomas.
KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Diagnostics, Remote sensing, Statistical analysis, Principal component analysis, Control systems, Analytical research, Medical research, Signal detection, Medicine
Raman spectroscopy is a rapidly non-invasive technique with great potential for biomedical research. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy of human saliva for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
detection. Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on two groups of saliva samples: one group from patients
(n=30) with confirmed AMI and the other group from healthy controls (n=31). The diagnostic performance for
differentiating AMI saliva from normal saliva was evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. The combination of
principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) of the measured Raman spectra separated
the spectral features of the two groups into two distinct clusters with little overlaps, rendering the sensitivity of 80.0%
and specificity of 80.6%. The results from this exploratory study demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy of human saliva
can serve as a potentially clinical tool for rapid AMI detection and screening.
A novel series of zinc (II) phthalocyanines bearing four poly (aryl benzyl ether) dendritic substituents with carboxylic
acid functionalities (Gn-DPcZn (Gn=n-generation dendrimer, n=1-2)) loaded polymeric micelles (Gn-DPcZn/m) were
formed. The time-dependent intracellular uptake of Gn-DPcZn in RPE cells increased as they were incorporated into
micelles, but inversely correlated with the generation. The photocytoxity of Gn-DPcZn was improved by incorporation
into polymeric micelles and increased with the generation.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most serious diseases which is mostly found in Asia, especially in South China.
Early detection and diagnosis is crucial to effective treatment and can greatly improve survival rate. Recent
developments in tissue spectroscopy may significantly expand our ability to diagnose this tumor rapidly and accurately.
In this work, Raman spectra of nasopharyngeal tissue in vitro were acquired and analyzed with principal component
analysis. Consistent spectral differences appear to exist between normal and cancerous tissue, mainly in five bands
located at 853cm-1, 937cm-1, 1094cm-1, 1260-1340cm-1, 1530-1580 cm-1, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed
using PCA which can easily divide the samples to two groups with a high sensitivity and specificity. The results
presented here demonstrate Raman spectroscopy has the potential ability to detect and diagnose cancerous tissue nondestructively
and rapidly which may be a very helpful diagnosis tool in the future.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the malignant tumors threatening people's health and life which is mostly
found in South China; early diagnosis is crucial to improve the effective treatment and higher survival rates. In this work,
preliminary study on Raman spectra of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vitro is reported. Spectra were obtained from
normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue which had undergone biopsy for high risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Factors effecting Raman spectra were also studied including sample storage time, spectral accumulation time. The results
show that sample storage time has a negative effect on the measurement while increasing accumulation time does not
appear to improve the spectra quality significantly. Consistent spectral differences appear to exist between normal and
cancerous tissues, mainly in several bands. The results demonstrate Raman spectroscopy has the potential ability to
detect and diagnose cancerous tissues. Future studies will advance toward true in vivo, real time and non-invasively.
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