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Combining low weight and high strength, carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely used in the aerospace industry, including for primary aircraft structures. Barely visible impact damage can compromise the structural integrity and potentially lead to failures. Edge Illumination (EI) X-ray Phase Contrast imaging (XPCi) is a novel X-ray imaging technique that uses the phase effects induced by damage to create improved contrast. For a small cross-ply composite specimen with impact damage, damage detection was compared to ultrasonic immersion C-scans. Different defect types could be located and identified, verified from the conventional ultrasonic NDE measurement.
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Dana Shoukroun, Lorenzo Massimi, Marco Endrizzi, David Bate, Alesandro Olivo, Paul Fromme, "Composites impact damage detection and characterization using ultrasound and x-ray NDE techniques," Proc. SPIE 11381, Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems XIV, 113810B (22 April 2020); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2549078