Volume 29 Issue 8 | Journal of Biomedical Optics

Journal of Biomedical Optics

VOL. 29 · NO. 8 | August 2024

CONTENTS

IN THIS ISSUE

JBO Letters (2)

Tutorials (1)

General (1)

Imaging (5)

Microscopy (2)

Sensing (1)

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JBO Letters

Remote refocusing for multi-scale imaging

Md Nasful Huda Prince, Nikhil Sain, Tonmoy Chakraborty

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 080501, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.080501

TOPICS: Objectives, Oxygen, Imaging systems, Lenses, Optical components, Microscopy, Light sources and illumination, Microscopes, Biological imaging, Mirrors

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Convolutional neural network-based regression analysis to predict subnuclear chromatin organization from two-dimensional optical scattering signals

Yazdan Al-Kurdi, Cem Direkoǧlu, Meryem Erbilek, Dizem Arifler

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 080502, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.080502

TOPICS: Refractive index, Scattering, Convolutional neural networks, Signal to noise ratio, Interference (communication), Finite-difference time-domain method, Spherical lenses, Machine learning, Education and training, Cross validation

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Tutorials

Tutorial on phantoms for photoacoustic imaging applications

Lina Hacker, James Joseph, Ledia Lilaj, Srirang Manohar, Aoife Ivory, Ran Tao, Sarah Bohndiek, Members of IPASC

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 080801, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.080801

TOPICS: Acoustics, Materials properties, Tissues, Standards development, Imaging systems, Photoacoustic imaging, Optical properties, Biomedical applications, Design, Calibration

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General

Erythrocyte nano-ghosts with dual optical and magnetic resonance characteristics

Chi-Hua Lee, Shamima Zaman, Vikas Kundra, Bahman Anvari

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 085001, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.085001

TOPICS: Dyes, Fluorescence, Red blood cells, Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetism, Tumors, Fluorescence imaging, Absorption spectrum, Near infrared, Molecules

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Significance

Fluorescent organic dyes provide imaging capabilities at cellular and sub-cellular levels. However, a common problem associated with some of the existing dyes such as the US FDA–approved indocyanine green (ICG) is their weak fluorescence emission. Alternative dyes with greater emission characteristics would be useful in various imaging applications. Complementing optical imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enables deep tissue imaging. Nano-sized delivery systems containing dyes with greater fluorescence emission as well as MR contrast agents present a promising dual-mode platform with high optical sensitivity and deep tissue imaging for image-guided surgical applications.

Aim

We have engineered a nano-sized platform, derived from erythrocyte ghosts (EGs), with dual near-infrared fluorescence and MR characteristics by co-encapsulation of a brominated carbocyanine dye and gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA).

Approach

We have investigated the use of three brominated carbocyanine dyes (referred to as BrCy106, BrCy111, and BrCy112) with various degrees of bromination, structural symmetry, and acidic modifications for encapsulation by nano-sized EGs (nEGs) and compared their resulting optical characteristics with nEGs containing ICG.

Results

We find that asymmetric dyes (BrCy106 and BrCy112) with one dibromobenzene ring offer greater fluorescence emission characteristics. For example, the relative fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ) for nEGs fabricated using 100 μM of BrCy112 is ∼41-fold higher than nEGs fabricated using the same concentrations of ICG. The dual-mode nEGs containing BrCy112 and Gd-BOPTA show a nearly twofold increase in their ϕ as compared with their single optical mode counterpart. Cytotoxicity is not observed upon incubation of SKOV3 cells with nEGs containing BrCy112.

Conclusions

Erythrocyte nano-ghosts with dual optical and MR characteristics may ultimately prove useful in various biomedical imaging applications such as image-guided tumor surgery where MR imaging can be used for tumor staging and mapping, and fluorescence imaging can help visualize small tumor nodules for resection.

Imaging

Improving diffuse optical tomography imaging quality using APU-Net: an attention-based physical U-Net model

Minghao Xue, Shuying Li, Quing Zhu

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086001, (July 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086001

TOPICS: Image restoration, Tumor growth modeling, Medical image reconstruction, Data modeling, Diffuse optical tomography, Image quality, Tissues, Image enhancement, Lithium, Commercial off the shelf technology

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Multimodal optical imaging of the oculofacial region using a solid tissue-simulating facial phantom

Lilangi S. Ediriwickrema, Shijun Sung, Kaylyn Mattick, Miranda An, Claire Malley, Stephanie Kirk, Divya Devineni, Jaylen Lee, Gordon Kennedy, Bernard Choi, Anthony Durkin

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086002, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086002

TOPICS: Optical properties, Tissues, Optical imaging, Scattering, Light sources and illumination, Anatomy, Absorption, Optical testing, Biological imaging, Skin

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Significance

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) applies patterned near-infrared illumination to quantify the optical properties of subsurface tissue. The periocular region is unique due to its complex ocular adnexal anatomy. Although SFDI has been successfully applied to relatively flat in vivo tissues, regions that have significant height variations and curvature may result in optical property inaccuracies.

Aim

We characterize the geometric impact of the periocular region on SFDI imaging reliability.

Approach

SFDI was employed to measure the reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) and absorption coefficient (μa) of the periocular region in a cast facial tissue-simulating phantom by capturing images along regions of interest (ROIs): inferior temporal quadrant (ITQ), inferior nasal quadrant (INQ), superior temporal quadrant (STQ), central eyelid margin (CEM), rostral lateral nasal bridge (RLNB), and forehead (FH). The phantom was placed on a chin rest and imaged nine times from an “en face” or “side profile” position, and the flat back of the phantom was measured 15 times.

Results

The measured μa and μs′ of a cast facial phantom are accurate when comparing the ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH to its flat posterior surface. Paired t tests of ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH μa and μs′ concluded that there is not enough evidence to suggest that imaging orientation impacted the measurement accuracy. Regions of extreme topographical variation, i.e., CEM and RLNB, did exhibit differences in measured optical properties.

Conclusions

We are the first to evaluate the geometric implications of wide-field imaging along the periocular region using a solid tissue-simulating facial phantom. Results suggest that the ITQ, INQ, STQ, and FH of a generalized face have minimal impact on the SFDI measurement accuracy. Areas with heightened topographic variation exhibit measurement variability. Device and facial positioning do not appear to bias measurements. These findings confirm the need to carefully select ROIs when measuring optical properties along the periocular region.

DermoGAN: multi-task cycle generative adversarial networks for unsupervised automatic cell identification on in-vivo reflectance confocal microscopy images of the human epidermis

Imane Lboukili, Georgios Stamatas, Xavier Descombes

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086003, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086003

TOPICS: Education and training, Binary data, Tissues, Image segmentation, Confocal microscopy, Skin, Reflectivity, Tunable filters, Data modeling, Seaborgium

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Significance

Accurate identification of epidermal cells on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) images is important in the study of epidermal architecture and topology of both healthy and diseased skin. However, analysis of these images is currently done manually and therefore time-consuming and subject to human error and inter-expert interpretation. It is also hindered by low image quality due to noise and heterogeneity.

Aim

We aimed to design an automated pipeline for the analysis of the epidermal structure from RCM images.

Approach

Two attempts have been made at automatically localizing epidermal cells, called keratinocytes, on RCM images: the first is based on a rotationally symmetric error function mask, and the second on cell morphological features. Here, we propose a dual-task network to automatically identify keratinocytes on RCM images. Each task consists of a cycle generative adversarial network. The first task aims to translate real RCM images into binary images, thus learning the noise and texture model of RCM images, whereas the second task maps Gabor-filtered RCM images into binary images, learning the epidermal structure visible on RCM images. The combination of the two tasks allows one task to constrict the solution space of the other, thus improving overall results. We refine our cell identification by applying the pre-trained StarDist algorithm to detect star-convex shapes, thus closing any incomplete membranes and separating neighboring cells.

Results

The results are evaluated both on simulated data and manually annotated real RCM data. Accuracy is measured using recall and precision metrics, which is summarized as the F1-score.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the proposed fully unsupervised method successfully identifies keratinocytes on RCM images of the epidermis, with an accuracy on par with experts’ cell identification, is not constrained by limited available annotated data, and can be extended to images acquired using various imaging techniques without retraining.

Validation of multispectral imaging–based tissue oxygen saturation detecting system for wound healing recognition on open wounds

Yi-Syuan Shin, Kuo-Shu Hung, Chung-Te Tsai, Meng-Hsuan Wu, Chih-Lung Lin, Yuan-Yu Hsueh

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086004, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086004

TOPICS: Wound healing, Tissues, Laser speckle contrast imaging, Oxygenation, Oxygen, Skin, Multispectral imaging, Near infrared, Signal detection, Imaging systems

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Optical coherence tomography otoscope for imaging of tympanic membrane and middle ear pathology

Wihan Kim, Ryan Long, Zihan Yang, John Oghalai, Brian Applegate

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086005, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086005

TOPICS: Optical coherence tomography, Ear, Biomedical optics, Imaging systems, Tissues, Pathology, Video, Diagnostics, Standards development, Volume rendering

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Significance

Pathologies within the tympanic membrane (TM) and middle ear (ME) can lead to hearing loss. Imaging tools available in the hearing clinic for diagnosis and management are limited to visual inspection using the classic otoscope. The otoscopic view is limited to the surface of the TM, especially in diseased ears where the TM is opaque. An integrated optical coherence tomography (OCT) otoscope can provide images of the interior of the TM and ME space as well as an otoscope image. This enables the clinicians to correlate the standard otoscopic view with OCT and then use the new information to improve the diagnostic accuracy and management.

Aim

We aim to develop an OCT otoscope that can easily be used in the hearing clinic and demonstrate the system in the hearing clinic, identifying relevant image features of various pathologies not apparent in the standard otoscopic view.

Approach

We developed a portable OCT otoscope device featuring an improved field of view and form-factor that can be operated solely by the clinician using an integrated foot pedal to control image acquisition. The device was used to image patients at a hearing clinic.

Results

The field of view of the imaging system was improved to a 7.4 mm diameter, with lateral and axial resolutions of 38 μm and 33.4 μm, respectively. We developed algorithms to resample the images in Cartesian coordinates after collection in spherical polar coordinates and correct the image aberration. We imaged over 100 patients in the hearing clinic at USC Keck Hospital. Here, we identify some of the pathological features evident in the OCT images and highlight cases in which the OCT image provided clinically relevant information that was not available from traditional otoscopic imaging.

Conclusions

The developed OCT otoscope can readily fit into the hearing clinic workflow and provide new relevant information for diagnosing and managing TM and ME disease.

Microscopy

Femtosecond laser-assisted selective holding with ultra-low power for direct manipulation of biological species

Krishangi Krishna, Joshua Burrow, Zhaowei Jiang, Wenyu Liu, Anita Shukla, Kimani Toussaint Jr.

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086501, (July 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086501

TOPICS: Continuous wave operation, Particles, Femtosecond phenomena, Video, Optical tweezers, Blue lasers, Bacteria, Ultrafast phenomena, Dielectrics, Pulsed laser operation

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Posterior approach to correct for focal plane offsets in lattice light-sheet structured illumination microscopy

Yu Shi, Tim Daugird, Wesley Legant

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 086502, (July 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.086502

TOPICS: Image restoration, Optical transfer functions, Light sources and illumination, Point spread functions, Hydrogels, Object detection, Biological samples, Signal to noise ratio, Simulations, Microscopy

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Sensing

Dependency of crossover point on absorption changes in bilayer diffusion reflection measurements

Channa Shapira, Yuval Yedvav, Hamootal Duadi, Haim Taitelbaum, Dror Fixler

Journal of Biomedical Optics, Vol. 29, Issue 08, 087001, (August 2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.29.8.087001

TOPICS: Absorption, Simulations, Optical properties, Scattering, Monolayers, Diffusion, Photons, Biological samples, Optical phantoms, Reflection

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