The stability of perovskite solar cells made of inorganic CsPbI3 is impressive, but the power conversion efficiency still needs improvement due to high open circuit loss (Vloss). This issue is often attributed to a mismatch in energy levels between the inorganic perovskite layer and the charge-selective contacts at the interface. Therefore, it is essential to understand the interface dynamics in these solar cells. Despite significant efforts since 2015 to address CsPbI3 crystallisation and phase stability at operational temperatures, a more comprehensive understanding of the interface is necessary to advance CsPbI3-based devices. We focus on presenting a detailed surface chemistry and interfacial dynamics analysis using spectroscopic and optical techniques. In this talk, we will have a comprehensive discussion on the effects of the annealing environment on the intrinsic properties of the interface. Additionally, we will discuss the implementation of interface engineering using dipole molecules to mitigate Vloss to improve the efficiency of solar cell devices.
Low-cost, high-efficiency metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSC) are a promising alternative to Si photovoltaics, but poor stability currently precludes commercialization. We present a framework for accelerated PSC design using machine learning (ML) to identify optimal compositions, fabrication parameters, and device operating conditions. We present four examples showcasing our ML roadmap using various types of neural networks, applied to diverse problems such as forecasting time-series photoluminescence (PL) from perovskite thin films, projecting PSC power output and degradation over time, and predicting figures of merit from simple, high-throughput experimental procedures. Our paradigm informs the rational development of perovskite devices, providing an accelerated pathway to commercialization.
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are a promising low-cost energy source for niche markets, such as energy harvesting semitransparent windows, and colored or arbitrary shaped solar modules for portable power sources or building facades. Furthermore, the possibility to fabricate flexible solar modules allows the integration of the whole manufacturing process into a roll-to-roll facility with the potential of reducing dramatically the fabrication costs. In the quest for high efficiency flexible PSC, the absorbed sunlight can be maximized employing a light trapping technique, such as using a microstructured substrate capable to scatter or diffract the incoming light into multiple directions elongating the optical path in the absorber. This work presents a new strategy to pattern microstructures on polymers suitable as transparent substrates for flexible PSC with enhanced light trapping. This industrial compatible approach consists only on two processing steps. First, a cylindrical metallic stamp is structured using Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP), and next, the stamp is used in a roll-to-roll hot embossing system to transfer the stamp pattern to polymeric foils. Optimizing the DLIP processing and hot embossing parameters, high-quality imprints were obtained with periodic features with a spatial period of 2.7 μm. PSC were deposited onto these structured substrates showing an increase in the light absorption and efficiency. Spectroscopic characterization using an integrating sphere suggests that the PSC efficiency increase is caused by an elongated optical path inside the perovskite due to scattering and diffraction in the visible spectrum.
Organic-inorganic perovskites are quickly overrunning research activities in new materials for cost-effective and high-efficiency photovoltaic technologies. Since the first demonstration from Kojima and co-workers in 2009, several perovskite-based solar cells have been reported and certified with rapidly improving power conversion efficiency. Recent reports demonstrate that perovskites can compete with the most efficient inorganic materials, while they still allow processing from solution as potential advantage to deliver a cost-effective solar technology.
Compare to the impressive progress in power conversion efficiency, stability studies are rather poor and often controversial. An intrinsic complication comes from the fact that the stability of perovskite solar cells is strongly affected by any small difference in the device architecture, preparation procedure, materials composition and testing procedure.
In the present talk we will focus on the stability of perovskite solar cells in working condition. We will discuss a measuring protocol to extract reliable and reproducible ageing data. We will present new materials and preparation procedures which improve the device lifetime without giving up on high power conversion efficiency.
The ability to process amorphous or polycrystalline solar cells at low temperature (<150 °C) opens many possibilities for substrate choice and monolithic multijunction solar cell fabrication. Organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells have evolved rapidly over the last two years, and the CH3NH3PbX3 (X= Cl, I or Br) material is processed at low temperature. Until now however, the most efficient solar cells have employed 500 ºC sintered TiO2 compact layers as charge selective contacts. With our optimized formulation we demonstrate full sun solar power conversion efficiencies exceeding 16 % in an all low temperature processed solar cell.
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