KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Image compression, Video compression, Video, Video coding, Multimedia, Digital imaging, Video processing, Imaging systems, Computer programming
Image and video compression plays a major role in multimedia transmission. Specifically the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is the key tool employed in a vast variety of compression standards such as H.265/HEVC due to its remarkable energy compaction properties. Rapid growth in digital imaging applications, such as multimedia and automatic surveillance that operates with limited bandwidths has led to extensive development of video processing systems. The main objective of this paper is to discuss some DCT approximations equipped with fast algorithms which require minimum addition operations and zero multipliers or bit-shifting operations leading to significant reductions in chip area and power consumption compared to conventional DCT algorithms.
We provide complete design details for several k × k, k = 8, 16 blocked 2-D algorithms for DCT computation
with video evaluation using HEVC software encoder. Custom digital architectures are proposed, simulated and implemented on Xilinx FPGAs and verified in conjunction with software models.
Wideband receive-mode beamforming applications in wireless location, electronically-scanned antennas for radar, RF sensing, microwave imaging and wireless communications require digital aperture arrays that offer a relatively constant far-field beam over several octaves of bandwidth. Several beamforming schemes including the well-known true time-delay and the phased array beamformers have been realized using either finite impulse response (FIR) or fast Fourier transform (FFT) digital filter-sum based techniques. These beamforming algorithms offer the desired selectivity at the cost of a high computational complexity and frequency-dependant far-field array patterns. A novel approach to receiver beamforming is the use of massively parallel 2-D infinite impulse response (IIR) fan filterbanks for the synthesis of relatively frequency independent RF beams at an order of magnitude lower multiplier complexity compared to FFT or FIR filter based conventional algorithms. The 2-D IIR filterbanks demand fast digital processing that can support several octaves of RF bandwidth, fast analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for RF-to-bits type direct conversion of wideband antenna element signals. Fast digital implementation platforms that can realize high-precision recursive filter structures necessary for real-time beamforming, at RF radio bandwidths, are also desired. We propose a novel technique that combines a passive RF channelizer, multichannel ADC technology, and single-phase massively parallel 2-D IIR digital fan filterbanks, realized at low complexity using FPGA and/or ASIC technology. There exists native support for a larger bandwidth than the maximum clock frequency of the digital implementation technology. We also strive to achieve More-than-Moore throughput by processing a wideband RF signal having content with N-fold (B = N Fclk/2) bandwidth compared to the maximum clock frequency Fclk Hz of the digital VLSI platform under consideration. Such increase in bandwidth is achieved without use of polyphase signal processing or time-interleaved ADC methods. That is, all digital processors operate at the same Fclk clock frequency without phasing, while wideband operation is achieved by sub-sampling of narrower sub-bands at the the RF channelizer outputs.
Real-time digital implementation of three-dimensional (3-D) infinite impulse response (IIR) beam filters are discussed. The 3-D IIR filter building blocks have filter coefficients, which are defined using algebraic closed-form expressions that are functions of desired beam personalities, such as the look-direction of the aperture, the bandwidth and sampling frequency of interest, inter antenna spacing, and 3dB beam size. Real-time steering of such 3-D beam filters are obtained by proposed calculation of filter coefficients. Application specific computing units for rapidly calculating the 3-D IIR filter coefficients at nanosecond speed potentially allows fast real-time tracking of low radar cross section (RCS) objects at close range. Proposed design consists of 3-D IIR beam filter with 4 4 antenna grid and the filter coefficient generation block in separate FPGAs. The hardware is designed and co-simulated using a Xilinx Virtex-6 XC6VLX240T FPGA. The 3-D filter operates over 90 MHz and filter coefficient computing structure can operate at up to 145 MHz.
A planar antenna array based feature detection scheme is proposed to estimate the directional, location and modulation information pertaining to radio sources in a cognitive radio environment. The proposed system employs multiple direction estimation stations and a fusion station. Planar antenna arrays and three-dimensional (3-D) infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters are employed to perform volume scanning of the radio environment, leading to a spatial power profile, which is subjected to peak detection in order to estimate the direction of arrival corresponding to each source. Cyclosationay feature detection is then performed along each direction to estimate the frequency and modulation information. Two simulation examples are provided to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach.
A three dimensional (3-D) spatio-temporal analog signal processing scheme is presented for the selective removal
of off-dish interference and noise from focal plane array (FPA) received signals. The method exploits specific
geometrical properties of the 3-D spatio-temporal frequency spectrum of FPA signals to perform the filtering
operation. A 3-D infinite impulse response (IIR) filter having a cone-shaped filter passband in the 3-D spatio-temporal frequency space is employed to extract the spectra of desired FPA signals while rejecting the spectral
components from undesired off-dish interference and coupled noise from front-end electronics. A proof-of-concept
example is provided by considering the filtering operation in 3-D spatio-temporal frequency domain.
A suit of low complexity signal processing algorithms are identified for the directional spectrum sensing and two-dimensional (2-D) spatio-temporal white space detection in cognitive radio systems. The concept of spectral white spaces in 2-D spatio-temporal frequency space is reviewed based on the specific spectral properties of 2-D spatio-temporal array signals. The proposed system contains an array processing stage, magnitude-fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) stage followed by an energy detection stage. The use of 2-D infinite impulse response (IIR) filters having beam-shaped passbands in the 2-D frequency space is identi_ed as a low complexity solution for the array processing stage for the directional enhancement of radio signals. A low complexity algorithm that delivers the magnitude FFT is described for the 16-point case and computational complexity is expressed in closed-form.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.