Paper presents the state of advance of the silica glass microstructured optical fibers technology n Poland especially in Department of Optical Fibers Technology Maria Curie Sklodowska University. Only in this Department there are the technological apparatus for advanced investigations on the technology of the silica glass optical fibers. In paper was describe the technology of optical fiber photonic structure manufacturing, high silica glass synthesis from vapor phase with MCVD and OVD methods. Next was describe some kinds of microstructured optical fibers witch technologies elaborated in UMCS in support of own and received from cooperated research teams optical fibers structures, modeling and measurements results.
Optical fiber strain or bend sensors have been demonstrated for complex monitoring various structures especially in aerospace, marine civil engineering and especially in optical security systems.
Optical fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot interferometers and fiber Bragg gratings are useful for point or slow-multiplied sensor systems. Distributed optical fiber system based on Sagnac interferometers used of low or high-birefringence optical fibers as strain/bend sensing elements. Special optical fibers as four core single mode fibers in Mach-Zehnder interferometer system have been used. In all described cases the high influence of temperature on sensor characteristics is very important disadvantage at measurement systems. In this paper we describe fabrication and characterization of the new four core PCF index guided fiber designed for interferometric bend measurements.
Technology and basic characterization of new kind of side hole optical fiber with silver layers in the holes named side metal pipe (SMP) optical fiber is presented. The static deposition method of silver layers of several hundred nm thickness from liquid phase was used. Polarization properties of the side metal pipe optical fibers were found.
Basic structures of silica photonic fibers with triangular lattice made from a single prapreform are presented. Variation of the filling factor was achieved by adjustment of fiber preparation conditions. Fundamental structural and transmission parameters were measured for a chosen fiber. A problem of searching of procedures for further decrease in attenuation of fabricated fibers was formulated on the base of obtained results.
Liquid crystal circular core optical fibers cannot have a stable structure of arrangement because of misfit of core geometry and properties of liquid crystals. Fibers of high ellipticity of core are much better in this case but controlling the state and degree of arrangement of a liquid crystal by external electric field requires application of high voltage. The work presents the technology of substrate of liquid crystal core fibers in the form of quartz glass capillaries with highly elliptic central hole and two additional holes placed at both sides of the central one along the fiber. On the surface of side holes layers of nickel were deposited by thermal decomposition of nickel carbonyl from a gaseous phase. Substrates 2 m long with dimensions of central hole 4 x 18 μm were obtained and characterized. The produced substrates may allow preparation of a new generation of liquid crystal core fibers. The work also presents the design of laboratory scale apparatus for preparation of a new generation of liquid crystal core fibers. The work also presents the design of laboratory scale apparatus for preparation of nickel carbonyl as well as conditions of its synthesis.
A technology of a new kind of optical fibers called 'holey fibers' (HF) has been developed in the past several years. Differences of coefficients between the core and the cladding occurs because in the clading area there are many parallel holes along all the fiber length. This study presents the method of preparation of HF fibers which is used in our laboratory. The strucutre of the fibers and their spectral attenuation as well as further possibilities of modification of their construction.
Theoretical calculations of transition elements' oxides purification effects of porous silica glass produced with use of colloidal sol-gel method have led to positive results. This study presents an assay of elaborating of conditions for transient elements' oxides porous silica glass purification by chlorination in dehydroxylation and consolidation stage in the theoretical and experimental way in the OICVD method. The result is positive as the CCl4 used as chlorinating agent.
We have made 12 preparations of different optical fibers with circular (diameter 5 micrometer) and elliptical (4 X 18 micrometer) cores made of liquid crystals. We have elaborated drawing of capillaries of suitable dimensions from quartz glass and we have constructed a few stations for successive stages of preparation and measurement of these fibers. We have examined influence of hydroxylation of capillary's inner surface and coating it by polyimide or polyvinyl alcohol on quality of prepared liquid crystal fibers. Acquired relationships for one kind of liquid crystal allowed creation of general rules of preparation of liquid crystals optical fibers. These general rules will surely fit other kinds of liquid crystals.
The production efficiency of single mode optical fibers for telecommunication uses depends on the synthesis speed of optipure silica glass. This work presents a new hybrid method of preform manufacturing called by us OICVD (outside and inner chemical vapor deposition). It is a superposition of individual processes of well known MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition) and OVD (outside Vapor Deposition) methods of large scale optical fibers production. We have obtained higher efficiency of production (in laboratory scale) in comparison with classic manufacturing methods. Most of experimental investigations were passed basing on raw materials produced in Ukraine (Institut 'Syntez,' Boryslav near Lvov.'
This work presents results of purification process investigations from undesirable contaminations as iron, copper etc. oxides of porous preforms from SiO2 at utilization of different chlorine components in high temperatures. We defined sources of undesirable contaminations during silica glass synthesis by colloidal sol-gel methods. We calculated equilibrium constants of chemical reactions of transient element oxides with three different chlorinating agents under high temperature conditions. Then we examined possibilities of removing these contaminations. Results of presented investigations permit on projecting variant of colloidal sol- gel method making possible receipt glass about optical fiber purity.
This work contains results of experimental work on elaboration of hybrid method of telecommunication optical fibre production. Two series of single-mode fibres with different cut-off wavelengths were produced by means of MCVD method. Their spectral attenuation was measured and loss carried in by OH groups was determined. When the fibre was produced, times and temperatures of diffusion of water towards the core of fibre were measured. On this basis calculation of mutual interaction of diffusion profiles and distributions of fields was done. Results of calculation and measurement of loss carried in by OH groups were compared.
In this paper there is presented the characteristics of spiral springs made from quartz glass and TiO2 doped quartz glass to target heighten mechanical strength as well as the mode of their preparation elaborated on the basis of processes of optical fiber technology.
A standard polarization maintaining optical fiber (SMPM- single mode polarization maintain) has either an elliptical core or/and an elliptical inner cladding (bow-tie, panda). These kind of fibers usually display low or modest sensitivity to pressure and high sensitivity to temperature. The side-hole optical fibers having two hollow spaces symmetrically placed on both sides of the core are characterized by much higher sensitivity to pressure. This paper presents results of investigations on sensitivity to pressure and on sensitivity to temperature, which can attain the values of 140 rad/MPa*m and 1 rad/K*m, respectively.
In the face of actual advantage of demand over the supply of telecommunication optical fibers especially single mode ones a great significance has, so far unsolved, problem of increasing of production efficiency of these fibers. The method of glass production from gas phase permits to synthesize very high purity glass, but unfortunately is less efficient. High efficiency of production of large products from ultrapure SiO2 may be obtained owing to colloidal sol-gel method. For this method as starting material colloidal silica of optical fiber purity and of optimal particle size 500 - 1000 nm should be used. Among the possibilities of production of such silica there is one, consisting in synthesis of monodispersive silica spheres by hydrolitycal polycondensation of tetraetoxysilane in basic media. It was proposed by Stober and modified later by Bogush. This paper describes further modification of the mentioned method of synthesis in liquid phase, permitting to increase the efficiency of production of high quality colloidal silica.
The process of synthesis of SiO2 particles is relatively well recognized theoretically, but not experimentally. In this work we describe the results of experimental examination of an influence of concentration of silicon tetrachloride, temperature of reaction and time of the stay of reagents in the reaction zone on diameters of formed SiO2 particles. The results are presented in the formalism used for characterization of ceramic raw materials.
Side-hole optical fibers are directed towards construction of pressure sensors owing to their extremely high sensitivity to the pressure. However, the fact of negative effect of polymer protective coatings on deformation of optical fiber characteristic has been discovered. In this work the efforts were made to eliminate this undesirable phenomenon by use of standard protective coatings used for production of telecommunication optical fibers. The results of these investigations have appeared negative.
In our laboratory there was elaborated the mode of preparation of side-hole optical fibers characterized by high sensitivity to pressure/sensitivity to temperature ratio. This ratio is two magnitude order higher than this obtained for normal SMPM optical fibers. This work presents the quantitative explanation of this advantageous phenomenon. It has presented the mode and the results of calculations of selectivity to pressure in relation to temperature for defined class of side-hole optical fibers. It has resulted that there exist numerous structures of side-hole fibers for which the sensitivity to pressure/sensitivity to temperature ratio is not lower than 1000. Described mode of calculations of selectivity of birefringent optical fibers to pressure in relation to temperature will permit to optimization of these sensor fibers for technological purposes.
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