Renal disease is a severe and increasing problem with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic disease. Current treatments for diabetic kidney disease are limited and generally ineffective, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic strategies. Photobiomodulation is one such potential therapy. PBM is known to modulate cellular function, suppress inflammation, restore balance redox, and improve mitochondrial activity, all of which are hallmarks of CKD. Here we highlight photobiomodulation treatment for CKD in in vitro and in vivo models, with implications for photobiomodulation mechanisms. In vitro results showed that low-dose photobiomodulation resulted in over-expression of fibronectin and tumour necrosis factor and down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase while high-dose photobiomodulation did not. Similarly, in vivo results also showed that low but not high-dose PBM improved kidney function, decreased blood urea, albumin, albumin-creatinine ratio and other markers of CKD. There were significant microbiome changes associated with photobiomodulation treatment.
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