The Twin ANthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Observers (TANGO) mission will monitor and quantify greenhouse gas emissions at the level of individual facilities. A consortium consisting of ISISpace, TNO, SRON and KNMI are developing the TANGO mission for the ESA Scout program. ISISpace is the prime contractor and responsible for the spacecraft, SRON and KNMI are responsible for the atmospheric science, while TNO is developing the instruments. The TANGO space segment consists of two agile 16U CubeSat satellites flying closely in tandem, each equipped with an imaging spectrometer. TANGO Carbon measures the emission of CH₄ and CO₂ in the SWIR1 spectral band (1590-1675 nm at 0.45-nm spectral resolution), while TANGO Nitro measures the emission of NO₂ in the visible spectral range (405- 490 nm at 0.6-nm spectral resolution). Both instruments are reflective pushbroom spectrometers, made almost entirely from aluminum, and will cover a 30-km swath from a 500-km altitude with a spatial resolution of 300 m. The instruments share a similar architecture, using freeform mirrors to achieve high optical performance in a compact 8U envelope. In this paper, we will present the design and performance of the Carbon instrument, where a key engineering challenge is to achieve the desired spatial resolution and SNR from the limited instrument volume (8U). A tight integration of optical and mechanical design, coupled to detailed tolerance, alignment, straylight and STOP (structural thermal optical performance) analyses, allow us to reach that goal.
While CO2 is the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change, it is a well-mixed gas in the atmosphere, meaning that its concentration is relatively uniform and does not vary much over short distances. This makes it difficult to monitor CO2 levels in specific regions or to detect changes in CO2 concentrations at small scales. On the other hand, NO2 is emitted from combustion sources that also emit CO2, and its concentration varies greatly depending on proximity, making it a useful tracer for identifying emissions sources. Therefore, NO2 is widely assumed to be a robust proxy for combustion CO2 and provides additional, valuable information for CO2 monitoring such as plume detection. The combination of NO2 and CO2 observations is useful in determining the exact locations and intensities of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The idea of the present study is to design a very compact instrument for NO2 plume detection that allows easy accommodation of both CO2 and NO2 sensors on a single platform. Conceding on the need to explore internal dynamics of plumes and focusing more on the spatial evolution, NO2 detection can then rely on a relaxed set of requirements, which has a beneficial impact on instrument size, thus leading to a miniaturized instrument. In the present paper the driving requirements of such a miniaturized instrument will be introduced, and a compact design will be presented. Benefits and complexities of a compact design will be discussed.
The current paper introduces the Twin ANthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Observers (TANGO) instruments and mission. The purpose of TANGO is monitoring and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, with a focus on characterizing emission sources down to the level of individual facilities. The TANGO mission was developed for the ESA-Scout program by a consortium consisting of ISISpace, TNO, SRON and KNMI. It consists of two agile CubeSat satellites that fly in tandem, with less than 1 minute between observations of the same target, each satellite equipped with a spectrometer of the TNO Spectrolite family of instruments that observes a different part of the spectrum. TANGO-Carbon measures emission of CH4 and CO2 in the SWIR1 spectral band. TANGO-Nitro measures emission of NO2 in the visible spectral range. The Nitro instrument has a multifunctional role, using the NO2 measurements to improve the detection of (anthropogenic) CO2 plumes, deriving historic CO2 emission trends based on available global NO2 observations, and quantifying the possible CO2 contribution in mixed CH4-CO2 sources. Each TANGO instrument fits in an 8U volume (on a 16U platform) and are all-aluminium, reflective pushbroom spectrometers covering a 30-km swath from a 500-km altitude, with a ground sampling distance of 300 m × 300 m. In this paper we will present the mission, the shared instrument concept, as well as the design and performance of both Carbon and Nitro instruments.
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