Theoretical calculations predict that high-resolution spectroscopy of H2O gas lines in the mid-infrared region is the most promising method to observationally identify the snow-line, which has been proposed as the critical factor separating gas giants from solid planets in the planetary formation process. This requires the spectroscopic observations from space with R = λ/Δλ ≥ 30, 000. For this purpose, we propose a mid-infrared (10-18 μm) high-resolution spectrometer to be onboard the GREX-PLUS (Galaxy Reionization EXplorer and PLanetary Universe Spectrometer) mission. We are developing "immersion grating” spectroscopy technology for high-resolution spectroscopy in space. We have chosen CdZnTe as a candidate for the optical material. We report the current status of the development of the CdZnTe immersion grating, including evaluation of its optical properties (absorption coefficient and refractive index) at cryogenic temperatures, development of an anti-reflection coating with a moth-eye structure for wide-wavelength coverage, and verification of machinability for grating production. We plan to make a prototype spectrometer to demonstrate the capability of the immersion grating with ground-based observations in the N-band (λ = 8–13 μm) and beyond.
We are developing an Immersion Grating (IG) made of CdZnTe which is designed for a high-dispersion midinfrared spectrograph (10-18 μm, R = λ/Δλ ∼ 30, 000) to be onboard the next-generation infrared space telescope GREXPLUS (Galaxy Reionization EXplorer and PLanetary Universe Spectrometer). The adoption of an IG will reduce the spectrometer size to 1/n in length (1/n3 in volume, n: refractive index) compared to conventional diffraction gratings. In order to determine the absorption coefficient of the high-resistivity CdZnTe, we developed a new measurement system for transmittance in 10-18 μm with cryogenic common-path double beam optics equipped with filament lamp source inside the vacuum chamber, which enables accurate determination of the transmittance at the cryogenic temperature by considering the effect of the multiple Fresnel reflection at the sample surface. By the new transmittance measurement system, the CdZnTe sample can be cooled down to ~6 K by employing cooled long wavelength band pass filter (λ > 7 μm) to attenuate the peak emission of the filament lamp (λ ~ 2 μm). In the present paper, we report the results of transmittance measurement with high precision (δτ~0.03%) by our new equipment for the high-resistivity CdZnTe, and the absorption coefficient α of high-resistivity CdZnTe. By applying the value of refractive index n at T > 5.7 K reported recently, α was estimated to be 0.00225 cm-1 and 0.00036 cm-1 at T~300 K and ~12 K, respectively at λ~10 μm in wavelength. In contrast to low-resistivity CdZnTe, the obtained values for α of high-resistivity CdZnTe have shown only slight temperature dependence, and the absorption coefficient values were smaller than the requirement: α<0.01 cm-1 for the IG material. The high-resistivity CdZnTe was likely to be a candidate material of IG for GREX-PLUS high-resolution spectrograph..
We have developed a compact broadband infrared imaging Fourier transform spectrometer, referred to as the 2D FTIR, employing common path wavefront division phase-shift interferometry. The system comprises a 3-reflector point-topoint optical setup with overlapping paths, incorporating two free-form mirrors and a pair of 20 mm high and 40 mm wide planar mirrors. Initially, we establish a one-dimensional multi-slit object plane with spacing tailored to match the FPA detector pixel size, effectively preventing destructive interference. Through precise optimization of the parameters of the two free-form mirrors (Mirror 1: 4th-order Zernike polynomial; Mirror 2: 6th-order Zernike polynomial), we achieve precise beam collimation, reflection through a phase shifter, and subsequent refocusing onto the FPA detector. Utilizing a commercial uncooled bolometer camera with a resolution of 640x480 pixels and a pixel size of 17μm, we attain optimal performance across the 4-20μm wavelength range, coupled with a generous 6mm diameter field of view. The spectrometer boasts a remarkable wavenumber resolution of 2.7 cm-1, with R (λ=4μm) ≈ 1000, alongside a spatial resolution of 34μm. All components seamlessly fit within a 170x150x80 mm vacuum frame. The 2D FT-IR enables the acquisition of spectral maps post-image capture and offers a broad measurement wavelength range of 4-20 μm. After completion of development, we plan to employ it to study the generation mechanisms of cryogenically frozen organic matter simulating Titan's haze and to measure the low-temperature continuous spectral transmittance and refractive index of the GREX-PLUS spectroscopic components. Additionally, due to its high vibration resistance and compact design, we intend to deploy it as a spectrometer for compact satellites developed by JAXA. Lastly, it will serve as a pivotal test instrument for the PLANETS telescope, facilitating the evaluation of the telescope's resistance to atmospheric disturbances.
We’re developing an immersion grating made of CdZnTe designed for a high-dispersion mid-infrared spectrograph (10-18 μm, R = λ/Δλ ∼ 30, 000) to be onboard the next-generation infrared space telescope GREX-PLUS. The adoption of an immersion grating will reduce the spectrometer size to 1/n (1/n3 in volume, n: refractive index) compared to conventional diffraction gratings. To determine this absorption coefficient accurately, we need to take the effect of multiple reflection into account that depend on the refractive index. However, the accurate refractive index of CdZnTe (Δn < 10−4) at 10-18 μm below 20 K has not been measured yet. Therefore, we’re developing a measurement system of the refractive index at cryogenic temperatures in the mid-infrared range. We adopt the minimum deviation method in this system to measure the refractive index, measuring the apex and deviation angle of the prismatic sample of material to be measured. Here we give an overview of the measurement system, as well as preliminary results of the refractive index measurement.
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