Nowadays, a huge data traffic requires a high-speed processing, so the use of optical memories is a logical solution for high speed data processing. In this paper, a large-scale parallel integration of wavelength addressable optical bit memories is presented based on three photonic crystal nanocavities (C1, C2, and C3) filled with liquid crystal. Each cavity is storing two different wavelengths, where each wavelength is representing a single bit. We have calculated Q factors in basing and unbiasing states for C1, C2, and C3. Also, the group velocities across the storage cell have been measured in the biased and unbiased cases for all cavities to confirm the storage and confinement. The maximum consumed power for six bits optical memory is only 13 nW.
The transmission of both optical code division multiple-access (OCDMA) and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) users on the same band is investigated. Code pulses of spectral amplitude coding (SAC)/optical code division multiple-access (CDMA) are overlaid onto a multichannel WDM system. Notch filters are utilized in order to suppress the WDM interference signals for detection of optical broadband CDMA signals. Modified quadratic congruence (MQC) codes are used as the signature codes for the SAC/OCDMA system. The proposed system is simulated and its performance in terms of both the bit-error rate and Q-factor are determined. In addition, eavesdropper probability of error-free code detection is evaluated. Our results are compared to traditional nonhybrid systems. It is concluded that the proposed hybrid scheme still achieves acceptable performance. In addition, it provides enhanced data confidentiality as compared to the scheme with SAC/OCDMA only. It is also shown that the performance of the proposed system is limited by the interference of the WDM signals. Furthermore, the simulation illustrates the tradeoff between the performance and confidentiality for authorized users.
An enhanced mathematical model is introduced to study and evaluate the performance of a core node in an optical burst switched network. In the proposed model, the exact Poisson traffic arrivals to the optical burst switching (OBS) node is approximated by assuming that the maximum allowed number of arrivals to the OBS node, in a given time slot, is 2 (instead of ). A detailed state diagram is outlined to illustrate the problem, and then a mathematical model based on the equilibrium point analysis technique is presented. Two performance measures, namely, the steady-state system throughput and the average blocking probability, are derived from the model, which is built in the absence of wavelength conversion capability. Our proposed model is aided by a simulation work that studies the performance of an OBS core node under the assumption of Poisson traffic arrivals (the exact case) and calculates the steady-state system throughput. The results obtained from the proposed mathematical model are consistent with that of simulation when assuming Poisson traffic arrivals, and this consistency holds for a certain range of traffic load. The effect of varying different network parameters on the average blocking probability is discussed.
KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal detection, Optical engineering, Signal processing, Eye, Fiber Bragg gratings, Signal to noise ratio, Electronic filtering, Photodetectors, Nanoelectronics
A successive interference cancellation scheme is applied to optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) systems with spectral amplitude coding (SAC). A detailed analysis of this system, with Hadamard codes used as signature sequences, is presented. The system can easily remove the effect of the strongest signal at each stage of the cancellation process. In addition, simulation of the prose system is performed in order to validate the theoretical results. The system shows a small bit error rate at a large number of active users compared to the SAC OCDMA system. Our results reveal that the proposed system is efficient in eliminating the effect of the multiple-user interference and in the enhancement of the overall performance.
We provide an analysis for the performance of a multiwavelength optical code-division multiple-access (MW-OCDMA) network when the system is working above the nominal transmission rate limit imposed by passive encoding-decoding operation. We address the problem of overlapping in such a system and how it can directly affect the bit error rate (BER). A unified mathematical framework is presented under the assumption of one-coincidence sequences with nonrepeating wavelengths. A closed form expression of the multiple access interference limited BER is provided as a function of different system parameters. Results show that the performance of the MW-OCDMA system can be critically affected when working above the nominal limit, an event that can happen when the network operates at a high transmission rate. In addition, the impact of the derived error probability on the performance of two newly proposed medium access control (MAC) protocols, the S-ALOHA and the R3T, is also investigated. It is shown that for low transmission rates, the S-ALOHA is better than the R3T, while the R3T is better at very high transmission rates. In general, it is postulated that the R3T protocol suffers a higher delay mainly because of the presence of additional modes.
We analyzed direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system using a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme. Modified prime-sequence codes are utilized as signature sequences, and the performance measure studied in this paper takes into account the the effect of imperfect interference cancellation. The basic principle of the SIC scheme is to subtract the strongest received signals from the original signal one by one till all users have been detected and demodulated. In this analysis we have compared optical code-division multiple-access systems with and without the cancellation scheme, and it is shown that the SIC scheme with −20-dBm effective power can suppress multiple-access interference better than the system without cancellation.
KEYWORDS: Signal detection, Receivers, Signal to noise ratio, Code division multiplexing, Optical engineering, Photonics, Nanoelectronics, Interference (communication), Sensors, Binary data
Proposes one of the multiuser detection schemes, a new technique that has the potential to reduce interference or suppress multiple-access interference and, therefore, increase the capacity of optical code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems. It is a successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme known as a low-complexity multiuser detection method for direct sequence CDMA systems. A SIC scheme is analyzed using an optical orthogonal code, with a different power for each user, that takes into account the impact of imperfect interference cancellation.
In this paper, we propose a new technique in direct sequence code division multiple access system using on-off key and
modified prime sequence code, the scheme of this technique dubbed successive interference cancellation (SIC). The
basic principle of SIC scheme is to subtract the strongest received signals from the original signal one by one till all users
have been detected, and demodulated. In this analysis we take in account the possibilities of errors in previous
cancellation. It has been shown that the proposal IC scheme with
(-20dBm) effective power can suppress multiple-access
interference (MAI), and improve the system performance significantly.
A random access protocol that adopts stop-and-wait automatic repeat request (ARQ) is proposed for optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication systems. A detailed state diagram and a mathematical model based on the equilibrium point analysis (EPA) technique are presented. Several performance measures are evaluated under different network parameters. In addition, the performance of the proposed protocol is compared to that of the round-robin receiver/transmitter (R3T) protocol, which is based on a go-back-n-technique. The ALOHA CDMA protocol is also considered. Finally, our protocol is analyzed when a queuing subsystem is added. Our numerical analysis shows that the proposed protocol is less complex and significantly outperforms the R3T protocol. We show that adding a single buffer to the system does not improve the performance much.
An optical dynamic spectral encoding code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system is proposed. In this system, an electrically controlled tunable optical filter (TOF) is used to encode the modulated broadband light source. The code depends on the function set to the controller. Two-dimensional code, named functional code, is also proposed based on a shifted sine function. The function defines the dynamic coding pattern of the central wavelength of the transmitted narrowband optical signal. Thus, the system will allow for an easy reconfiguration of the transmitter without the need for a sophisticated encoder. At the receiver, a synchronized TOF with the same function is used as a decoder. The system is modeled and analyzed taking into account the multiple access interference, phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), and thermal noise. The performance of this system is shown to be better compared with a fast frequency hopping (FFH) system and a spectral amplitude coding (SAC) system that uses either a Hadamard code, a modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code, or a modified frequency hopping (MFH) code.
An optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) protocol based on selective retransmission technique is proposed. The protocol is modeled using a detailed state diagram and is analyzed using equilibrium point analysis (EPA). Both traditional throughput and average delay are used to examine its performance for several network parameters. In addition, the performance of the proposed protocol is compared to that of the R3T protocol, which is based on a go-back-n technique. Our results show that a higher performance is achieved by the proposed protocol at the expense of system complexity.
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