This paper presents a subspace system identification for estimating the stiffness matrix and flexural rigidities of a shear
building under earthquake. Subspace SI is a kind of inverse problem and suffers from inherent instabilities caused by
modeling error and measurement noise. The size of Hankel matrix (k(m+p)×Tw/Δt), which represents the amount of
selected dynamic data among measured responses, is closely related to the accuracy and numerical instability of
estimated system matrices. The numerical instability and accuracy of subspace SI is investigated through the estimation
error curve of stiffness matrix. The estimation error curve is obtained with respect to the number of block row(k) and
sampling rate (Δt) for various time window size (Tw) using a prior finite element model of a shear building. k, Δt and Tw
resulting in a target accuracy level, are determined through this curve considering the computational cost of subspace
identification. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through the numerical example of a five-story shear
building model with and without damage.
KEYWORDS: Transducers, Waveguides, Microsoft Foundation Class Library, Chemical elements, Ultrasonography, Signal detection, Radio propagation, Composites, Inspection, 3D modeling
Guided waves are becoming popular for pipeline monitoring because of its sensitivity to small defects and long sensing
range. Several research groups have explored ultrasonic imaging techniques for pipeline monitoring by fully utilizing the
advantageous characteristics of guided waves. They have generated torsional mode and measured torsional reflections
from pipe defects using expensive shear-mode piezoelectric transducers or electromagnetic acoustic transducers
(EMAT), and then extracted crack-induced flexural modes as a post processing step. In this study, these existing
techniques are further advanced to perform ultrasonic imaging by measuring the crack-induced flexural modes only,
eliminating the necessity of the torsional mode information. This enables us to replace the expensive shear-mode
transducers used to measure the torsional reflections with inexpensive compression-mode macro fiber composite (MFC)
transducers. First, a magnetostrictive transducer attached at one end of the pipe is used for the excitation of a pure
torsional mode in the pipe specimen. Then, the torsional mode propagates through the pipe, and the reflections are
created by the interaction of the incident torsional mode with the crack. Due to the sensing characteristics of MFC
transducers, only the crack-induced flexural modes can be measured by multiple MFC transducers placed along the
circumference near the excitation magnetostrictive transducer. Using the normal mode expansion technique, each
individual flexural mode among all reflected signals is extracted. By propagating this crack-induced flexural mode back
in the space considering its dispersion characteristics, the location of the crack is visualized.
KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Waveguides, Transducers, Sensors, Microsoft Foundation Class Library, Tunable lasers, Photodiodes, Optical fibers, Structural health monitoring, Modulation
This study proposes a new hybrid macro fiber composite/fiber Bragg grating (MFC/FBG) system that can excite and
measure guided waves for pipeline monitoring using a single laser source and optical cables removing the need for
conventional wire cables. Among various ultrasonic transducers, piezoelectric transducers and FBG sensors have been
widely used because of their light weight, non-intrusive nature and compactness. Particularly for pipeline monitoring, a
MFC transducer among other piezoelectric transducers is used because of its flexibility and conformability to a curved
surface. In addition, conventional electric cables needed for power and data transmission are all replaced by optical
cables, alleviating problems such as electromagnetic interference, signal attenuation and vulnerability to noise. A tunable
laser is used as a common power source for guided wave generation and sensing. One of two laser beams split from the
tunable laser, is used to actuate MFC transducers, and the other beam is used with FBG sensors to measure generated
guided waves. The measured signals are processed to identify the existence of defects in pipeline structures such as wall
thinning and longitudinal cracks. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid measurement system has been experimentally
verified in a laboratory setup.
A pair of identical piezoelectric (PZT) wafers collocated on a beam enable extraction of individual Lamb wave mode
signals due to their polarization characteristics. Among these extracted Lamb wave mode signals, mode-converted ones
proved to be promising for reference-free crack detection in a beam. This paper investigates the mode-converted Lamb
wave signal induced by a notch on the beam in the frequency domain. Through the FFT of the mode-converted Lamb
wave signals truncated by a series of time windows, the convergence of the temporal spectrums are demonstrated
resulting in the resonance of the beam within the driving frequency range. The root mean squares (RMS) of the temporal
spectrums indicate that the signal to noise ratio associated with damage is amplified as the time window size increases.
Based this observation, it is concluded that the electro-mechanical (EM) impedance signal is more promising than the
transient Lamb wave signals for reference-free damage diagnosis in an overall sense.
Impedance-based structural health monitoring (SHM) has been of great interest to many researchers. In general,
conventional impedance-based damage detection techniques identify damage by comparing "current" impedance signals
with "baseline" ones obtained from the pristine condition of a structure. However, structures in field are often subject to
changing environmental and operational conditions that affect the measured impedance signals and these ambient
variations can often cause false-alarms. In this paper, a new reference-free impedance method, which does not require
direct comparison with baseline impedance signals, is employed for crack detection in a plate-like structure. This method
utilizes a single pair of PZTs collocated on the both surfaces of a structure to detect mode conversion caused by the
presence of crack damage. A new statistical damage classifier is developed for instantaneous damage classification based
on decomposed impedance signatures containing mode conversion information. Experimental tests, particularly under varying temperature and loading conditions are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to crack detection.
A new concept of a reference-free impedance method, which does not require direct comparison with a baseline
impedance signal, is proposed for damage detection in a plate-like structure. A single pair of piezoelectric (PZT) wafers
collocated on both surfaces of a plate are utilized for extracting electro-mechanical signatures (EMS) associated with
mode conversion due to damage. A numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the EMS of collocated PZT wafers
in the frequency domain at the presence of damage through spectral element analysis. Then, the EMS due to mode conversion induced by damage are extracted using the signal decomposition technique based on the polarization characteristics of the collocated PZT wafers. The effects of the size and the location of damage on the decomposed EMS are investigated as well. Finally, the applicability of the decomposed EMS to the reference-free damage diagnosis is discussed.
This paper presents spectral element formulation which simulates high frequency dynamic responses generated by PZT
transducers bonded on a thin plate. A two layer beam model under 2-D plane strain condition is developed to represent
fundamental Lamb wave modes induced by a piezoelectric (PZT) layer rigidly bonded on a base plate. Mindlin-
Herrmann and Timoshenko beam theories are employed to represent the first symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb wave
modes on a base plate, respectively. The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and 1-D linear piezoelectricity are used to model
the electro-mechanical behavior of a PZT layer. The equations of motions of a two layer beam model are derived through
Hamilton's principle. The necessary boundary conditions associated with the electro-mechanical properties of a PZT
layer are formulated in the context of dual functions of a PZT layer as an actuator and a sensor. General spectral shape
functions of response field and the associated boundary conditions are obtained through equations of motion transformed
into frequency domain. Detailed spectral element formulation for composing the dynamic stiffness matrix of a two layer
beam model is presented as well. The validity of the proposed spectral element is demonstrated through a numerical
example.
This paper present a new displacement reconstruction scheme using only acceleration measured from a structure. For a
given set of acceleration data, the reconstruction problem is formulated as a boundary value problem in which the
acceleration is approximated by the second-order central finite difference of displacement. The displacement is
reconstructed by minimizing the least squared errors between measured and approximated acceleration within a finite
time interval referred to as a time window. An overlapping time window is introduced to improve the accuracy of the
reconstructed displacement. The displacement reconstruction problem becomes ill-posed because the boundary
conditions at both ends of each time window are not known a priori. Furthermore, random noise in measured
acceleration causes physically inadmissible errors in the reconstructed displacement similar to the conventional time
integration schemes. A Tikhonov regularization scheme is adopted to alleviate the ill-posedness. The validity of the
proposed method is demonstrated through two laboratory experiments.
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