Early detection of bruises on apples is important for an automatic apple sorting system. A hyperspectral imaging system with the wavelength range of 400 to 1000nm was built for detecting bruises happened in an hour on ‘Fuji’ apples. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on the hyperspecrtral images and the principal components (PC) images were compared. Three effective wavelengths 780, 850 and 960nm were determined using the weighing coefficients plot of the best PC image. Then, a multi-spectral imaging system with three bands 780, 850 and 960nm in the near-infrared range was developed. The system was consisted of two beamsplitters at 805 and 900nm, two bandpass filters and halogen tungsten lamp, and three CCD cameras. Images of 20 intact and 20 bruised apples were acquired. PCA was conducted on the three-band images of each apple and the best PC image was selected for bruise detection. A bruise detection algorithm based on the PC images and a global threshold method was developed. Results show that 90% of the bruised apples are correctly recognized.
Early detection of bruises on apples is important for an automatic apple sorting system. A hyperspectral imaging system with the wavelength range of 1000 to 2500nm was built for detecting bruises happened in an hour on ‘Fuji’ apples. Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted on the hyperspecrtral images and the principal components images were compared. Three effective wavelengths 1060, 1329 and 1949nm were determined using the weighing coefficients plot of the best principal component (PC) image. A bruise detection algorithm based on PCA on the three effective wavelengths and a global threshold method was developed. Independent validation set of 50 intact and 50 bruised apples was used to evaluate the performance of the developed algorithm. Results show that 100% of the intact apples are correctly classified, 94% of the bruised apples are correctly recognized and the overall detection accuracy is 97%.
To effectively extract defective areas in fruits, the uneven intensity distribution that was produced by the lighting system or by part of the vision system in the image must be corrected. A methodology was used to convert non-uniform intensity distribution on spherical objects into a uniform intensity distribution. A basically plane image with the defective area having a lower gray level than this plane was obtained by using proposed algorithms. Then, the defective areas can be easily extracted by a global threshold value. The experimental results with a 94.0% classification rate based on 100 apple images showed that the proposed algorithm was simple and effective. This proposed method can be applied to other spherical fruits.
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