We have designed an Integral Field Unit for the ORCAS Keck Instrument Development II (ORKID II) Instrument. Building on the success of the ORKID camera which achieved 15.2 masec PSF FWHM visible light imaging, ORKID II will add Integral Field Spectroscopy to analyze Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), supernovae redshift and brightness, and other observations. Several design options have been explored based on image slicers manufactured by the Canon Corporation’s machining process. Field layouts can include up to three disparate spatial sampling, with a lower limit of 6.7 masec. Spectral resolutions are considered from R 100 to R 10,000.
In a previous paper, we presented the concept of using shape memory alloy sheets as the substrate for normal incidence multi-layer coated mirrors. A shape set sheet has been shown to deploy a figure good to 1 micron. This shape is good enough for a “light bucket.” However, if imaging is desired, then post-deployment corrections can be applied. We provide an update on the improvements we have made to our study. These improvements include ray tracing, polishing, adhesion, and fine (nm) surface adjustments.
Our paper discusses the optical design of the Origins Space Telescope. Origins is one of four large missions under study in preparation for the 2020 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Sensitive to the mid- and far-infrared spectrum (between 2.8 and 588 μm), Origins sets out to answer a number of important scientific questions by addressing NASA’s three key science goals in astrophysics. The Origins telescope operates at f / 14. The design includes a 5.9-m-diameter primary mirror. The large on-axis primary consists of 18 “keystone” segments of two different prescriptions arranged in two annuli (six inner and twelve outer segments) that together form a circular aperture in the goal of achieving a symmetric point spread function. To accommodate the 46 × 15 arc min full field of view (FOV) of the telescope at the design wavelength of λ = 30 μm, a three-mirror anastigmat configuration is used. The design is diffraction-limited across its instruments’ FOV. A brief discussion of each of the three baselined instruments within the Instrument Accommodation Module is presented: (1) Origins Survey Spectrometer, (2) Mid-infrared Spectrometer, Camera transit spectrometer channel, and (3) Far-Infrared Polarimeter/Imager. In addition, the upscope options for the observatory are laid out as well including a fourth instrument: the Heterodyne Receiver for Origins.
The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the Universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? To answer these alluring questions, Origins will operate at mid- and far-infrared (IR) wavelengths and offer powerful spectroscopic instruments and sensitivity three orders of magnitude better than that of the Herschel Space Observatory, the largest telescope flown in space to date. We describe the baseline concept for Origins recommended to the 2020 US Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. The baseline design includes a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. A mid-infrared instrument (Mid-Infrared Spectrometer and Camera Transit spectrometer) will measure the spectra of transiting exoplanets in the 2.8 to 20 μm wavelength range and offer unprecedented spectrophotometric precision, enabling definitive exoplanet biosignature detections. The far-IR imager polarimeter will be able to survey thousands of square degrees with broadband imaging at 50 and 250 μm. The Origins Survey Spectrometer will cover wavelengths from 25 to 588 μm, making wide-area and deep spectroscopic surveys with spectral resolving power R ∼ 300, and pointed observations at R ∼ 40,000 and 300,000 with selectable instrument modes. Origins was designed to minimize complexity. The architecture is similar to that of the Spitzer Space Telescope and requires very few deployments after launch, while the cryothermal system design leverages James Webb Space Telescope technology and experience. A combination of current-state-of-the-art cryocoolers and next-generation detector technology will enable Origins’ natural background-limited sensitivity.
This paper discusses the optical design of the Origins Space Telescope. Origins is one of four large missions under study in preparation for the 2020 Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Sensitive to the mid- and far-infrared spectrum (between 2.8 and 588 μm), Origins sets out to answer a number of important scientific questions by addressing NASA’s three key science goals in astrophysics. The Origins telescope has a 5.9 m diameter primary mirror and operates at f/14. The large on-axis primary consists of 18 ‘keystone’ segments of two different prescriptions arranged in two annuli (six inner and twelve outer segments) that together form a circular aperture in the goal of achieving a symmetric point spread function. To accommodate the 46 x 15 arcminute full field of view of the telescope at the design wavelength of λ = 30 μm, a three-mirror anastigmat configuration is used. The design is diffraction-limited across its instruments’ fields of view. A brief discussion of each of the three baselined instruments within the Instrument Accommodation Module (IAM) is presented: 1) Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS), 2) Mid-infrared Spectrometer, Camera (MISC) transit spectrometer channel, and 3) Far-Infrared Polarimeter/Imager (FIP). In addition, the upscope options for the observatory are laid out as well including a fourth instrument: the Heterodyne Receiver for Origins (HERO).
The Origins Space Telescope will trace the history of our origins from the time dust and heavy elements permanently altered the cosmic landscape to present-day life. How did galaxies evolve from the earliest galactic systems to those found in the universe today? How do habitable planets form? How common are life-bearing worlds? To answer these alluring questions, Origins will operate at mid- and far-infrared wavelengths and offer powerful spectroscopic instruments and sensitivity three orders of magnitude better than that of Herschel, the largest telescope flown in space to date. After a 3 ½ year study, the Origins Science and Technology Definition Team will recommend to the Decadal Survey a concept for Origins with a 5.9-m diameter telescope cryocooled to 4.5 K and equipped with three scientific instruments. A mid-infrared instrument (MISC-T) will measure the spectra of transiting exoplanets in the 2.8 – 20 μm wavelength range and offer unprecedented sensitivity, enabling definitive biosignature detections. The Far-IR Imager Polarimeter (FIP) will be able to survey thousands of square degrees with broadband imaging at 50 and 250 μm. The Origins Survey Spectrometer (OSS) will cover wavelengths from 25 – 588 μm, make wide-area and deep spectroscopic surveys with spectral resolving power R ~ 300, and pointed observations at R ~ 40,000 and 300,000 with selectable instrument modes. Origins was designed to minimize complexity. The telescope has a Spitzer-like architecture and requires very few deployments after launch. The cryo-thermal system design leverages JWST technology and experience. A combination of current-state-of-the-art cryocoolers and next-generation detector technology will enable Origins’ natural backgroundlimited sensitivity.
This paper describes the construction and application of an integrated optomechanical raytrace model used for optical analysis support of the OTIS cryo-vacuum test of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) test campaign. OTIS is the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) and Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM). Four specific applications are described – 1) simulation of ambient over-lighting conditions from clean room luminaires and photogrammetry flashes, 2) PSF image motion predictions in the presence of auto-collimating flat (ACF) actuation, 3) science instrument field illumination (“shadowgrams”) checking for unexpected vignetting, and 4) pupil alignment simulations of the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS).
The Origins Space Telescope (OST) is a mission concept being studied in preparation for the 2020 Decadal Survey. OST will be a large space based astronomical telescope operating at mid and far Infrared wavelengths. The desire is to have the radiometric sensitivity of observations be limited by the natural celestial sky background. This will require that OST be operated at cryogenic temperatures to limit the self-generated thermal emission. The architecture has the telescope exposed to space, with a protective shield blocking exposure to direct illumination from the sun, earth, and moon. The telescope design limits the self-emission to stray light to only come from the telescope structure, baffles, and optics that are thermally controlled to ≈ 4 K. A reverse try trace technique is used to determine the susceptibility of light from any part of the sky getting to the instrument focal plane and producing a stray light background. A Radiance Transfer Function (RTF) is derived that relates the background stray light produced at the focal plane by a patch of sky to the radiance of that patch of sky. The RTF is defined relative to the observatory reference frame. For a given pointing direction of the Observatory on the sky, the sky radiance mapped in ecliptic coordinates is transformed into the telescope reference frame and multiplied by the RTF to calculate the stray light. The sky radiance maps are from data obtained from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission. In addition to the sky source of stray light, a separate calculation is used to determine the self-generated IR thermal background.
This paper describes an integrated stray light model of each Science Instrument (SI) in the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Optical Telescope Element Simulator (OSIM), the light source used to characterize the performance of ISIM in cryogenic-vacuum tests at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). We present three cases where this stray light model was integral to solving questions that arose during the testing campaign – 1) ghosting and coherent diffraction from hardware surfaces in the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) GR700XD grism mode, 2) ghost spots in the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) GRISM modes, and 3) scattering from knife edges of the NIRCam focal plane array masks.
Measuring the B-mode polarization of the CMB radiation requires a detailed understanding of the projection of
the detector onto the sky. We show how the combination of scan strategy and processing generates a cylindrical
beam for the spectrum measurement. Both the instrumental design and the scan strategy reduce the cross
coupling between the temperature variations and the B-modes. As with other polarization measurements some
post processing may be required to eliminate residual errors.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Optical design, Space telescopes, Staring arrays, Sensors, James Webb Space Telescope, Infrared telescopes, Observatories, Ray tracing
The WFIRST-AFTA Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope TMA optical design provides 0.28-sq°FOV Wide Field Channel at 0.11” pixel scale, operating at wavelengths between 0.76-2.0μm, including a spectrograph mode (1.35-1.95μm.) An Integral Field Channel provides a discrete 3”x3.15” field at 0.15” sampling.
Space-based observation of gravitational waves promises to enable the study of a rich variety of high energy astrophysical sources in the 0.0001 to 1 Hz band using signals complementary to traditional electromagnetic waves. Gravitational waves represent the first new tool for studying the sky since gamma ray telescopes debuted in the 1970s, and we expect compelling science to be the result. The fundamental measurement is to monitor the path length difference between pairs of freely falling test masses with laser interferometry to a precision of picometers over gigameter baselines. The test masses are arranged in an equilateral triangle to allow simultaneous measurement of both gravitational wave polarizations. The heliocentric orbital space environment enables the test masses to be shielded from large ground motions at low frequencies, and allows the construction of long measurement baselines that are well matched to the signal wavelengths. Optical telescopes play an important role in the measurement because they deliver laser light efficiently from one spacecraft to another. The telescopes are directly in the measurement path, so there are additional performance requirements to support precision metrology beyond the usual requirements for good image formation.
During cryogenic vacuum testing of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module
(ISIM), the global alignment of the ISIM with respect to the designed interface of the JWST optical telescope element
(OTE) will be measured through a series of optical characterization tests. These tests will determine the locations and
orientations of the JWST science instrument projected focal surfaces and entrance pupils with respect to their
corresponding OTE optical interfaces. Thermal, finite element and optical modeling will then be used to predict the on-orbit
optical performance of the observatory. If any optical performance non-compliances are identified, the ISIM will
be adjusted to improve its performance. If this becomes necessary, ISIM has a variety of adjustments that can be made.
The lengths of the six kinematic mount struts that attach the ISIM to the OTE can be modified and five science
instrument focus positions and two pupil positions can be individually adjusted as well. In order to understand how to
manipulate the ISIM’s degrees of freedom properly and to prepare for the ISIM flight model testing, we have completed
a series of optical-mechanical analyses to develop and identify the best approaches for bringing a non-compliant ISIM
Element back into compliance. During this work several unknown misalignment scenarios were produced and the
simulated optical performance metrics were input into various mathematical modeling and optimization tools to
determine how the ISIM degrees of freedom should be adjusted to provide the best overall optical performance.
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