CCD sensor capable of 100 Mfps (millions frames per second) burst rate has been designed, fabricated and tested. ILT-architecture sensor can capture 16 successive frames with 64x64 pixels and down to 10 ns time resolution. Each pixel consists of a photosite and 16 storage elements arranged in two separate CCD shift registers of 8 elements each. The shift registers connect continuously (and serially) from pixel to pixel to form a column. During burst integration, charge from the photosite is read out alternatively upward and downward into storage elements. During readout time, the photosite is reset while previously integrated charge packets are transferred into horizontal CCD registers located at opposite sides of the sensor. Lag as low as 10% at 100Mfps burst frame rate has been demonstrated. To compensate for low fill factor, microlens array is attached to the die.
The results of more than 10 years experience in design and manufacturing of thinned back-side illuminated CCDs of different types are summed up. Based upon the EB CCDs created, the family of intensified electron-bombarded CCD image tubes has been designed, fabricated and tested. This family includes: the single-stage Gen I type EB CCD devices with the 532*580 and 780*580 pixels CCDs; the `hybrid' (the EB CCD tube plus GenyI image intensifier) devices; and the EB CCD tubes with the 40 mm photocathode and image demagnification factor 3:1. The results of tests of these devices are presented and discussed. Besides, the near future projects concerning EB CCD tubes with the 80 mm photocathode and with image demagnification factor 5:1, and EB CCD tubes with solar blind photocathodes for the UV and EUV applications are briefly described.
An investigation of probe laser irradiation interaction with substances containing in an environment has long since become a recognized technique for contamination detection and identification. For this purpose, a near and midrange-IR laser irradiation is traditionally used. However, as many works presented on last ecology monitoring conferences show, in addition to traditional systems, rapidly growing are systems with laser irradiation from near-UV range (250 - 500 nm). Use of CCD imagers is one of the prerequisites for this allowing the development of a multi-channel computer-based spectral research system. To identify and analyze contaminating impurities on an environment, such methods as laser fluorescence analysis, UV absorption and differential spectroscopy, Raman scattering are commonly used. These methods are used to identify a large number of impurities (petrol, toluene, Xylene isomers, SO2, acetone, methanol), to detect and identify food pathogens in real time, to measure a concentration of NH3, SO2 and NO in combustion outbursts, to detect oil products in a water, to analyze contaminations in ground waters, to define ozone distribution in the atmosphere profile, to monitor various chemical processes including radioactive materials manufacturing, heterogeneous catalytic reactions, polymers production etc. Multi-element image sensor with enhanced UV sensitivity, low optical non-uniformity, low intrinsic noise and high dynamic range is a key element of all above systems. Thus, so called Virtual Phase (VP) CCDs possessing all these features, seems promising for ecology monitoring spectral measuring systems. Presently, a family of VP CCDs with different architecture and number of pixels is developed and being manufactured. All CCDs from this family are supported with a precise slow-scan digital image acquisition system that can be used in various image processing systems in astronomy, biology, medicine, ecology etc. An image is displayed directly on a PC monitor through a software support.
This paper sums up the results of more than 10 years experience in design and manufacturing of thinned backside illuminated CCDs of different types. Based upon the EB-CCDs created, the family of intensified electron-bombarded CCD image tubes has been designed, fabricated and tested. This family includes: the single-stage Gen I-type EB-CCD devices with the 532*580 and 780*580 pixels CCDs; the `hybrid' (the EB-CCD tube plus Gen I image intensifier) devices; and the EB-CCD tubes with the 40 mm photocathode and image demagnification factor 3:1. The results of tests of these devices are presented and discussed. Besides, the near future projects concerning EB-CCD tubes with the 80 mm photocathode and with image demagnification factor 5:1, and EB-CCD tubes with solar blind photocathodes for the UV and EUV applications are briefly described.
A compact slow scan CCD-based digital system is described. The system is primarily intended to pick up low light level images (e.g. in biology, medicine, ecology monitoring, astronomy, spectrophotometry and so on). The system architecture is based on digital signal processor, reprogrammable Flex Gate Array chip and built-in video buffer (up to 16 Mbyte). The system allows great flexibility of CCD control, features on-site signal processing, supports various interfaces to a host computer and can be easily reprogrammed for any specific task.
A family of virtual phase (VP) CCD array image sensors for various scientific applications was designed, fabricated and tested. All of them share the common concept of `2.5-phase' photosensitive cell combining known benefits of `1.5-phase' VP CCDs with extended functionality (bi-directional charge transfer and inherent antiblooming) and less demanding fabrication process. Organization and main photoelectric parameters of sensors are presented.
Sergei Golovkin, Andrei Medvedkov, Ilia Dalinenko, Vladimir Kossov, Leonid Lazovsky, Alexandre Malyarov, Grigory Vishnevsky, Annette Frenkel, Giuseppe Martellotti, Gianni Penso, Vladimir Fedorov, Nina Kalashnikova, Jean-Paul Fabre, Eugene Kozarenko, Igor Kreslo
A hybrid image intensifier zoon tube, based on a thinned backside electron-bombarded CCD (EBCCD) 1024 X 1024 pixels (13.1 X 13.1 micrometers 2), to be used for the readout of a high resolution fiber detector in a high energy physics experiment, has been designed, manufactured and tested. This tube has a photocathode diameter of 40 mm and allows to change the image magnification (M) from 0.6 to 1.3. Owing to the low energy threshold of the EBCCD (2.5 keV) and the high operational voltage (15 kV), a gain (electrons per photoelectron) of 4000 has been attained. A spatial resolution of about 40 lp/mm (15% MTF) with an illumination of 2 (DOT) 10(superscript -4 lux and has been achieved. The EBCCD tube is gateable by applying appropriate voltage pulses to the focusing electrode. The high gain and the excellent space resolution of this device make it very interesting for many applications in high energy physics, astrophysics, medical diagnostics and very low light imaging.
This paper sums up the results of more than 10 years of experience in design and manufacturing of thinned back-side illuminated CCDs of different types. Based upon the EB- CCDs created, the family of intensified electron-bombardment CCD image tubes has been designed, fabricated, and tested. This family includes: the single-stage Gen I EB-CCD devices with the 532*580 and 780*580 pixels CCDs; the 'hybrid' (the EB-CCD tube plus Gen I image intensifier) devices; and the EB-CCD tubes with the 40 mm photocathode and image demagnification factor 3 to 1. The results of the tests of these devices are presented and discussed. Besides this, the near future projects concerning EB-CCD tubes with the 80 mm photocathode and with image demagnification factor 5 to 1, and EB-CCD tubes with solar blind photocathods for the UV and EUV applications are briefly described.
A family of VP CCD image sensors for different industrial and scientific applications was designed, fabricated, and tested. All of them share the common concept of a 2.5-phase photosensitive cell, combining the advantages of known 1.5-phase VP devices (reduced dark current and increased quantum efficiency) with simpler fabrication process and extended functions.
The paper describes the system consisting of a highly sensitive remote CCD camera head and a processing/control module. Specially designed virtual phase CCD has staggered pixel arrangement ensuring the vertical and horizontal resolution about 250 TV lines with the chip size of 2, 8 X 3 mm2. The system utilizes successive field color encoding (field sequential color method). The signal processing/control module comprises a real-time digital interpolator and video-frame memory. The image processor hardware and software provide image acquisition, treatment, distribution, and other functions.
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