We have recently developed a low-cost (material cost = $1,500), smartphone-compatible confocal endomicroscope. By using a custom, hyper-chromatic objective lens, the confocal endomicroscope generated cross-sectional confocal images over a depth range of 110 µm. The confocal endomicroscope achieved lateral resolution of 2 µm and axial resolution of 4 µm. The imaging speed was 4 fps. Preliminary results from the pilot study of imaging the human cervix in vivo in Uganda showed that the confocal endomicroscope could visualize distinctive, bright objects with a similar distribution to squamous epithelial cell nuclei.
We have developed an axially spectrally-encoded confocal endomicroscope that can visualize multiple depths of the tissue in a single image frame. We developed a custom hyperchromatic objective lens (focal length = 4.8 mm; NA = 0.68) to focus different wavelengths from a broadband light source into different axial depths of the tissue. The confocal endomicroscope achieved lateral and axial resolution of 2 μm and 4 μm, respectively over a lateral field of 468 μm and an axial depth range of 100 μm. The material cost was < $1500. Preliminary confocal images of human tissues in vivo clearly visualized cellular details.
We have developed a low-cost (material cost < $2,000) chromatic confocal endomicroscope capable of cross-sectional imaging of the tissue at lateral and axial resolution of 1.55μm and 9.5μm, respectively.
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