Dr. Paul B. Ruffin Profile

Dr. Paul B. Ruffin

Senior Research/Adjunct Professor

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Publications (84)

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Presentation + Paper

Raman spectroscopic analysis of model solid rocket propellant for the detection of stabilizer decay

Carlton Farley, Aschalew Kassu, Jonathan Mills, Paul Ruffin, Michael Curley, Sandra Sadate-Moualeu, James Parker, Christopher Marshall, Jeremy Rice, Brian McDonald, Anup Sharma

Proceedings Volume 11498, 114980A (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2568206

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Calibration, Rockets, Missiles, Liquids, Solids, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Laser systems engineering

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Presentation + Paper

Spectroscopic analysis of the degradation of solid propellant stabilizer

Carlton Farley, Jonathan Mills, Paul Ruffin, Aschalew Kassu, Sandra Sadate-Moualeu, Michael Curley, James Parker, Christopher Marshall, Jeremy Rice, Brian McDonald, Anup Sharma

Proceedings Volume 11498, 114980L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581859

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Missiles, Luminescence, Solids, Spectroscopy, Nondestructive evaluation, Statistical analysis, Spectral resolution, Rockets

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation

Dual wavelength Raman spectroscopic analysis of solid rocket propellant for the detection of stabilizer decay (Conference Presentation)

Carlton Farley, Paul Ruffin, Jonathan Mills, Sandra Sadate-Moualeu, Michael Curley, James Parker, Aschalew Kassu, Christopher Marshall, Jeremy Rice, Brian McDonald, Anup Sharma

Proceedings Volume 11123, 111230L (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530025

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Solids, Rockets, Luminescence, Chemical analysis, Statistical analysis, Fluorescence spectroscopy

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 September 2018 Presentation + Paper

Broadband optical sensing/detection technology for missile systems

Carlton Farley III, Aschalew Kassu, Sandra Sadate-Moualeu, Jonathan Mills, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Paul Ruffin, Anup Sharma

Proceedings Volume 10746, 1074608 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2321257

KEYWORDS: Lamps, Light sources, Halogens, Light emitting diodes, Missiles, Metals, Spectroscopy, Light, Aluminum, Near infrared

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 September 2018 Open Access

Impact of undergraduate research participation in characterization of materials

Aschalew Kassu, Carlton Farley III, Jonathan Mills, Anup Sharma, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 10741, 1074106 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320310

KEYWORDS: Physics, Internships, Raman spectroscopy, Optics education, Education and training, Engineering education

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 4 September 2018 Paper

Raman detection of MNA in solid rocket fuels

Carlton Farley, Aschalew Kassu, Jonathan Mills, Sandra Sadate-Moualeu, Michael Curley, Paul Ruffin, Anup Sharma, Jeremy Rice, Christopher Marshall

Proceedings Volume 10755, 107550U (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2321356

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Rockets, Missiles, Solids, Nondestructive evaluation, Chemical analysis, Sensors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 23 March 2018 Open Access

Military comparison of 3D printed vs commercial components

Janice Booth, Eugene Edwards, Michael Whitley, Michael Kranz, Mohamed Seif, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 10597, 105970J (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2300773

KEYWORDS: Additive manufacturing, 3D printing, Antennas, Manufacturing, Fused deposition modeling, Connectors, Printing, Ku band, Shape memory alloys, Materials processing

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 23 August 2017 Paper

Raman monitoring and evaluation of the aging effects of rocket propellant stabilizers

Jonathan Mills, Carlton Farley, Aschalew Kassu, Michael Curley, Anup Sharma, Paul Ruffin, Christopher Marshall, Jeremy Rice, Brian McDonald

Proceedings Volume 10382, 1038210 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274931

KEYWORDS: Rockets, Raman spectroscopy, Photonic crystal fibers, Nitrous oxide, Nondestructive evaluation, Crystals, Photonic crystals, Photonic devices

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 April 2017 Presentation + Paper

Military efforts in nanosensors, 3D printing, and imaging detection

Eugene Edwards, Janice Booth, J. Keith Roberts, Christina Brantley, Sihon Crutcher, Michael Whitley, Michael Kranz, Mohamed Seif, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 10167, 1016714 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2258322

KEYWORDS: Antennas, Printing, Mirrors, Rockets, Resistance, 3D printing, Carbon nanotubes, Sensors, Additive manufacturing, Missiles

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 26 September 2016 Paper

Raman detection of extra virgin olive oil adulterated with cheaper oils

Carlton Farley, Aschalew Kassu, Jonathan Mills, Brianna Kenney, Paul Ruffin, Anup Sharma

Proceedings Volume 9933, 99330K (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238369

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Glasses, Vegetable oil, Spectroscopy, Agriculture, FT-IR spectroscopy, Chemistry, Chemical analysis, Near infrared spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2016 Presentation + Paper

Raman studies for stockpile reliability of missiles by detecting degradation of propellant stabilizers

Carlton Farley, Aschalew Kassu, Jonathan Mills, Jonathan Bibb, Michael Curley, Paul Ruffin, Anup Sharma, Jeremy Rice, Brian McDonald

Proceedings Volume 9958, 99580P (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236331

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Missiles, Rockets, Reliability, Sensors, Luminescence, Nitrous oxide, Humidity, Solids, Chemical analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 April 2016 Open Access

Nano-based sensor for assessment of weaponry structural degradation

Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Paul Ruffin, Michael Kranz

Proceedings Volume 9802, 980202 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2219581

KEYWORDS: Corrosion, Sensors, Metals, Visualization, Inductance, Defense technologies, Missiles, Pollution control, Safety, Radiography, Copper, Magnetism, Etching, Humidity, Environmental sensing

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

SPIE Journal Paper | 5 August 2015

High open-circuit voltage dye-sensitized solar cells based on a nanocomposite photoelectrode

Jimmy Yao, Chih-Min Lin, Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

JPE, Vol. 5, Issue 01, 053088, (August 2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JPE.5.053088

KEYWORDS: Zinc oxide, Dye sensitized solar cells, Nanocomposites, Electrons, Nanocrystals, Solar cells, Nanoparticles, Transparent conductors, Titanium, Nanorods

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 3 April 2015 Open Access

Nano devices and concepts for condition-based maintenance of military systems

Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley, Paul Ruffin, Sihon Crutcher

Proceedings Volume 9434, 943402 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2084422

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Acoustics, Sensors, Absorption, Spectroscopy, Fiber optics, Missiles, Rockets, NOx, Solids

Read Abstract +

There is a continuous need for the Department of Defense (DoD) and its associate weaponry supply organizations to consistently evaluate the usability of weapons that exhibit deteriorative characteristics over a period of time. Along the same lines, enhanced condition-based maintenance evaluation procedures are necessary to mitigate the risk and reduce the cost of catastrophic failure of varying inventories of military systems. One significant area of research is the verification of the existence of sufficient concentrations of propellant stabilizer in the motor of stored missiles. Results from developed apparatuses can help collect degradation information to establish indicators that the missile’s double-based solid propellant is still functional after long-term storage. Other mechanisms are being developed for the assessment of degradation in gun barrel rifling. The research outlined in this paper summarizes the Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, & Engineering Center’s (AMRDEC’s) investigative approaches relative to the use of spectral-optical and acoustical methodologies for detecting deteriorations in both propellant and the apparatus that engages munitions. A spectral-optical sensing approach is presented that is based on distinctive light collecting optical fiber –based developments designed to detect the concentration of propellant ingredients. The use of diagnostic acoustic sensing mechanisms is delineated to include the use of commercially available transducer-based readers to collect information that is indicative of the distance that acoustic waves travel through weaponry components. In collaboration with several AMRDEC industry and academia supporters, this paper outlines sensing methods that are under consideration for implementation onto weapon systems. Conceptional approaches, experimental configurations, and laboratory results are presented for each initiative. Cost-savings and improved weaponry health monitoring capabilities are expected to derive from each sensing mechanisms.

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Mid-IR supercontinuum generation and applications: a review

Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 9200, 92000U (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2065589

KEYWORDS: Nanocomposites, Crystals, Mid-IR, Supercontinuum generation, Glasses, Cladding, Infrared imaging, Etching, Laser crystals, Nonlinear crystals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 April 2014 Open Access

Nonlinear plasmonics with Kerr-like media for sensing

Sihon Crutcher, Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley

Proceedings Volume 9060, 906002 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2044785

KEYWORDS: Dielectrics, Graphene, Waveguides, Interfaces, Wave propagation, Plasmonics, Reflection, Maxwell's equations, Surface plasmons, Bistability

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 16 April 2014 Paper

Yttrium oxide based three dimensional metamaterials for visible light cloaking

Pratyush Rai, Prashanth Kumar, Vijay Varadan, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 9060, 90601D (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2045216

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Metamaterials, Oxides, Yttrium, Visible radiation, Dielectrics, Metals, Waveguides, Electromagnetism, Fabrication

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 September 2013 Paper

Fabrication of nanostructures on curved surfaces

Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 8847, 88470T (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2025533

KEYWORDS: Nanostructures, Transmittance, Nanolithography, Copper, Femtosecond phenomena, Metals, Neodymium, Nanostructuring, Nanoparticles, Reflection

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 25 April 2013

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy scattering from gold-coated ceramic nanopore substrates: effect of nanopore size

Paul Robinson, Aschalew Kassu, Anup Sharma, Tatiana Kukhtareva, Carlton Farley, Cydale Smith, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

JNP, Vol. 7, Issue 01, 073592, (April 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JNP.7.073592

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Gold, Raman spectroscopy, Plasmons, Raman scattering, Ceramics, Scattering, Molecules, Absorption, Metals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 April 2013 Open Access

Development of sensing techniques for weaponry health monitoring

Eugene Edwards, Paul Ruffin, Ebonee Walker, Christina Brantley

Proceedings Volume 8691, 869101 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2009126

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Rockets, NOx, Absorption, Missiles, Carbon, Solids, Gas sensors, Particles, Gases

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 17 October 2012 Paper

Gold-coated nanoporous substrates for SERS studies

P. Robinson, A. Kassu, A. Sharma, T. Kukhtareva, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards

Proceedings Volume 8465, 84650P (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928788

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Gold, Raman spectroscopy, Molecules, Raman scattering, Metals, Laser scattering, Scattering, Molecular lasers, Silver

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

High efficiency IR supercontinuum generation and applications: a recent review

Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Jiping Cheng, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 8497, 84970H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.932231

KEYWORDS: Supercontinuum generation, Crystals, Mid-IR, Optical fibers, Absorption, Laser damage threshold, Sapphire, Radiation effects, ZBLAN, Transmittance

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Black silicon created by interfered femtosecond laser illumination

Chao Wang, Chih-Min Lin, Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 8497, 84970W (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.932230

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Semiconductor lasers, Femtosecond phenomena, Reflectivity, Reflection, Laser ablation, Nanostructures, Visible radiation, Crystals, Photomasks

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 22 September 2011 Paper

Nanostructures created by interfered femtosecond laser

Chao Wang, Yun-Ching Chang, Jimmy Yao, Claire Luo, Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 8120, 81201K (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894683

KEYWORDS: Nanostructures, Femtosecond phenomena, Copper, Metals, Electrons, Atomic force microscopy, Nanostructuring, Scanning electron microscopy, Optical spheres, Nanolithography

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 September 2011 Paper

High efficiency IR supercontinuum generation and applications: a review

Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Jiping Cheng, Jimmy Yao, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 8120, 81201R (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894667

KEYWORDS: Supercontinuum generation, Optical fibers, Sapphire, Mid-IR, Transmittance, Crystals, Laser damage threshold, Etching, Spectrometers, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 September 2011 Paper

Standoff Raman measurement of nitrates in water

S. Sadate, A. Kassu, C. W. Farley, A. Sharma, J. Hardisty, Miles T. K. Lifson

Proceedings Volume 8156, 81560D (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893571

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Sodium, Water, Explosives, Chemical analysis, Telescopes, Spectroscopy, Environmental monitoring, Atmospheric monitoring, Minerals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 April 2011 Open Access

Nanotechnology research and development for military and industrial applications

Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, J. Keith Roberts, William Chew, Larry Warren, Paul Ashley, Henry Everitt, Eric Webster, John Foreman, Mohan Sanghadasa, Sihon Crutcher, Mark Temmen, Vijay Varadan, Devlin Hayduke, Pae Wu, Christopher Khoury, Yang Yang, Tong-Ho Kim, Tuan Vo-Dinh, April Brown, John Callahan

Proceedings Volume 7980, 798002 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.878970

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Raman spectroscopy, Combustion, Missiles, Gallium, Acoustics, Nanotechnology, Microfluidics, Carbon, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 2010

Recycling of surface-enhanced Raman substrates by ultraviolet cleaning

Sandra Sadate, Fernando Calzzani, Aschalew Kassu, Anup Sharma, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

OE, Vol. 49, Issue 10, 106501, (October 2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3491201

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet radiation, Raman spectroscopy, Lithography, Signal to noise ratio, Mercury, Ultrasonics, Optical engineering, Lamps, Rhodamine

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 28 August 2010 Paper

Reusing commercial SERS substrate by gold/silver coating

A. Kassu, P. Robinson, A. Sharma, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards

Proceedings Volume 7764, 77640Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.859897

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Gold, Coating, Silver, Raman spectroscopy, Sputter deposition, Silicon, Metals, Nanolithography, Resonance enhancement

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 28 August 2010 Paper

Gold/silver coated nanoporous ceramic membranes: a new substrate for SERS studies

A. Kassu, P. Robinson, A. Sharma, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards

Proceedings Volume 7764, 77640M (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.859886

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Gold, Ceramics, Silicon, Sputter deposition, Molecules, Lithography, Raman spectroscopy, Silver, Nanorods

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 August 2010 Paper

High efficiency IR supercontinuum generation and applications

Stuart (Shizhuo) Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Chia-En Yang, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 7781, 77810C (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862143

KEYWORDS: Supercontinuum generation, Sapphire, Optical fibers, Chemical analysis, Absorption, Crystals, Supercontinuum sources, Spectroscopy, Etching, Mid-IR

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Paper

Homeland security monitoring sensors and early warning relay and diagnostic system

Vijay Varadan, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 7646, 76460K (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.853033

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Carbon nanotubes, Gases, Polymers, Biosensors, Electrodes, Homeland security, Sensing systems, Biosensing, Metals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 31 March 2010 Open Access

Exploratory procedures with carbon nanotube-based sensors for propellant degradation determinations

Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley, Brian McDonald

Proceedings Volume 7646, 764602 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849558

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Chemical elements, NOx, Rockets, Resistance, Calibration, Analytical research, Chemical analysis, Carbon, Missiles

Read Abstract +

Exploratory research is conducted at the US Army Aviation & Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) in order to perform assessments of the degradation of solid propellant used in rocket motors. Efforts are made to discontinue and/or minimize destructive methods and utilize nondestructive techniques to assure the quality and reliability of the weaponry's propulsion system. Collaborative efforts were successfully made between AMRDEC and NASA-Ames for potential add-on configurations to a previously designed sensor that AMRDEC plan to use for preliminary detection of off-gassing. Evaluations were made in order to use the design as the introductory component for the determination of shelf-life degradation rate of rocket motors. Previous and subsequent sensor designs utilize functionalized single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNTs) as the key sensing element. On-going research is conducted to consider key changes that can be implemented (for the existing sensor design) such that a complete wireless sensor system design can be realized. Results should be a cost-saving and timely approach to enhance the Army's ability to develop methodologies for measuring weaponry off-gassing and simultaneously detecting explosives. Expectations are for the resulting sensors to enhance the warfighters' ability to simultaneously detect a greater variety of analytes. Outlined in this paper are the preliminary results that have been accomplished for this research. The behavior of the SWCNT sensor at storage temperatures is outlined, along with the initial sensor response to propellant related analytes. Preparatory computer-based programming routines and computer controlled instrumentation scenarios have been developed in order to subsequently minimize subjective interpretation of test results and provide a means for obtaining data that is reasonable and repetitively quantitative. Typical laboratory evaluation methods are likewise presented, and program limitations/barriers are outlined.

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Recent advances on IR supercontinuum source and its applications

Stuart Yin, Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Chia-En Yang, Jimmy Yao, Jaehum Kim, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 7420, 74200K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.827440

KEYWORDS: Supercontinuum generation, Waveguides, Sapphire, Optical fibers, Supercontinuum sources, Crystals, Absorption, Spectroscopy, Silicon, Chemical analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 April 2009 Open Access

Nano-based chemical sensor array systems for uninhabited ground and airborne vehicles

Christina Brantley, Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 7291, 729102 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.820760

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Chemical fiber sensors, Electrodes, Chemical analysis, Unmanned aerial vehicles, Explosives, Thin films, Electronics, Chemical species, Chemical elements

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 27 August 2008 Paper

Recent advances on multiple channel unequally spaced optical phased array for ultrafast LADAR

Stuart Yin, Jae Hun Kim, Jimmy Yao, Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 7056, 705619 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.794036

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Phased array optics, Beam steering, Phased arrays, Optical fibers, Charge-coupled devices, LIDAR, Ferroelectric materials, Optical arrays, Microelectromechanical systems

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 August 2008 Paper

Polarization and drift analysis of thermally symmetric double sided crossover free SM fiber coils

Jeff Williams, Paul Ruffin, Arthur Lompado, John Reinhardt, Chris Heaton

Proceedings Volume 7056, 70560Z (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797994

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Sensors, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Polarimetry, Gyroscopes, Manufacturing, Birefringence, Phase modulation, Optical filters, Missiles

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 25 August 2008 Paper

Middle-IR supercontinuum generations and applications

Jae Hun Kim, Meng-Ku Chen, Chia-En Yang, Jon Lee, Stuart Yin, Karl Reichard, Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 7056, 70560V (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.793942

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Sapphire, Supercontinuum generation, Supercontinuum sources, Dispersion, Mid-IR, Scanning probe microscopy, Solitons, Infrared spectroscopy, Glasses

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 April 2008 Paper

Detection of residual traces of explosives by surface enhanced Raman scattering using gold coated substrates produced by nanospheres imprint technique

F. Calzzani, R. Sileshi, A Kassu, J. M. Taguenang, A. Chowdhury, A. Sharma, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards

Proceedings Volume 6945, 69451O (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.777072

KEYWORDS: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Explosives, Raman spectroscopy, Gold, Nanoparticles, Chemical analysis, Raman scattering, Glasses, Particles, Explosives detection

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 26 March 2008 Paper

Innovative smart micro sensors for Army weaponry applications

Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards

Proceedings Volume 6931, 693102 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.784973

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Electrodes, Raman spectroscopy, Biological and chemical sensing, Rockets, Explosives, Thin films, Liquids, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 September 2007 Paper

High temperature sensing using higher-order-mode rejected sapphire-crystal fiber gratings

Chun Zhan, Jae Hun Kim, Jon Lee, Stuart Yin, Paul Ruffin, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 6698, 66980F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.730601

KEYWORDS: Sapphire, Fiber Bragg gratings, Refractive index, Sensors, Crystals, Infrared lasers, Femtosecond phenomena, Multimode fibers, Titanium, Cladding

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 17 September 2007 Paper

Supercontinuum generation in single crystal sapphire fibers

Stuart (Shizhuo) Yin, Jae Hun Kim, Chun Zhan, Jun Won An, Jon Lee, Paul Ruffin, Eugene Edwards, Christina Brantley, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 6698, 66980Z (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738447

KEYWORDS: Sapphire, Optical fibers, Supercontinuum generation, Crystals, Dispersion, Nonlinear optics, Laser crystals, Femtosecond phenomena, Silica, Glasses

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 2 July 2007 Paper

Design, development, and analysis of crossover-free fiber optic gyroscope sensor coils

Chris Heaton, Paul Ruffin, Arthur Lompado

Proceedings Volume 6619, 66192I (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738620

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Birefringence, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Fiber optics sensors, Phase modulation, Polarization, Single mode fibers, Microelectromechanical systems, Analytical research, Polarimetry

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 11 April 2007 Open Access

MEMS-based phased arrays for Army applications

Paul Ruffin, James Holt, James Mullins, Tracy Hudson, Janice Rock

Proceedings Volume 6528, 652802 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.721760

KEYWORDS: Phased arrays, Switches, Missiles, Phase shifts, Beam steering, Microelectromechanical systems, Antennas, Phased array optics, LIDAR, Telecommunications

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Chemical sensing through multiple light taps in plastic optical fiber

J. Taguenang, A. Kassu, A. Sharma, P. Ruffin, C. Brantley, E. Edwards

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62961F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679105

KEYWORDS: Luminescence, Biological and chemical sensing, Polymer optical fibers, Environmental sensing, Chemical fiber sensors, Fiber lasers, Laser induced fluorescence, Chemical analysis, Endoscopy, Industrial chemicals

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2006 Paper

Development of crossover-free fiber optic gyroscope sensor coils

Janet Baeder, Paul Ruffin, Chris Heaton, Jeff Williams

Proceedings Volume 6314, 63140F (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683464

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Single mode fibers, Fiber optics sensors, Gyroscopes, Chemical oxygen iodine lasers, Photography, Missiles, Analog electronics, Patents

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2006 Paper

Geometrical and polarization analyses of crossover-free fiber optic gyroscope sensor coils

Art Lompado, Michael Kranz, Janet Baeder, L. Chris Heaton, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 6314, 63140E (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683458

KEYWORDS: Birefringence, Polarization, Sensors, Phase modulation, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Signal detection, Gyroscopes, Fiber optics sensors, Single mode fibers, Performance modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2006 Paper

Improvement in beam scanning using optical phase array and fiber multiplexing techniques

J. Kim, S. Yin, P. Ruffin, C. Luo

Proceedings Volume 6314, 63141I (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680095

KEYWORDS: Phased array optics, Multiplexing, Beam steering, Scanners, Ferroelectric materials, Signal processing, Fiber couplers, Fiber lasers, Optical arrays, Free space optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 24 August 2006 Paper

An investigation on fiber optic gyroscopes using microstructured fibers

S. Yin, J. H. Kim, P. Ruffin, C. Luo

Proceedings Volume 6314, 63141H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680089

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic gyroscopes, Gyroscopes, Backscatter, Kerr effect, Microelectromechanical systems, Modulators, Fiber optics, Interferometry, Supercontinuum sources

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 31 March 2006 Open Access

Army requirements for micro and nanotechnology-based sensors in weapons health and battlefield environmental monitoring applications

Paul Ruffin, Christina Brantley, Eugene Edwards, Guilford Hutcheson

Proceedings Volume 6172, 617201 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.668741

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Weapons, Environmental monitoring, Humidity, Chemical fiber sensors, Phase measurement, Analytical research, Environmental sensing, Smart materials, Electronics

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 20 March 2006 Paper

Aligned nanowire structures on silicon and flexible substrates and their applications

Hargsoon Yoon, Ritesh Reddy Chintakuntla, Vijay Varadan, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 6172, 61720H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.668746

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Thin films, Sensors, Oxides, Tin, Nanolithography, Electrodes, Silicon films, Resistance, Nanowires

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 2005

High-performance microfabricated angular rate sensor

Tracy Hudson, Sherrie Holt, Paul Ruffin, Michael Kranz, James McKee, Michael Whitley, Milan Buncick, Eric Tuck

JM3, Vol. 4, Issue 04, 043006, (October 2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.2114787

KEYWORDS: Gyroscopes, Sensors, Microelectromechanical systems, Microfabrication, Semiconducting wafers, Packaging, Silicon, Deep reactive ion etching, Calibration, Data modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 September 2005 Paper

Ultra-fast speed, low grating lobe optical beam steering using unequally spaced phased array technique

Stuart Yin, Jae Hun Kim, Fei Wu, Paul Ruffin, Claire Luo

Proceedings Volume 5911, 591104 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613065

KEYWORDS: Beam steering, Phased array optics, Phased arrays, Free space optics, Diffraction, Waveguides, Optical components, LIDAR, Diffraction gratings, Electro optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 23 March 2005 Paper

Ultrasensitive fiber optic sensors and their applications

SungHyun Nam, Jon Lee, Shizhuo Yin, Karl Reichard, Paul Ruffin, Qing Wang

Proceedings Volume 5691, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.587205

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Photonic nanostructures, Polymers, Cladding, Nanostructuring, Fiber optics sensors, Waveguides, Photorefractive polymers, Sensors, Finite-difference time-domain method

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 22 October 2004 Paper

Microsensor coils for miniature fiber optic gyroscopes

Paul Ruffin, Janet Baeder

Proceedings Volume 5560, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.577653

KEYWORDS: Birefringence, Phase modulation, Polarization, Sensors, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Optical fibers, Single mode fibers, Microsensors, Fiber optics sensors, Gyroscopes

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 6 July 2004 Paper

Nanotechnology for missiles

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 5359, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.516221

KEYWORDS: Nanotechnology, Missiles, Carbon nanotubes, Sensors, Molecules, Single walled carbon nanotubes, Optical coatings, Defense technologies, Microelectromechanical systems, Nanomaterials

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 22 July 2003 Open Access

Optical MEMS-based arrays

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 5055, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.497452

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Phased arrays, Microopto electromechanical systems, Phased array optics, Sensors, Missiles, Scanners, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Mirrors, Micro optics

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 11 July 2002 Open Access

MEMS-based sensor arrays for military applications

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 4700, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.475022

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Microelectromechanical systems, Phased array optics, Defense technologies, Missiles, Environmental sensing, Resonators, Silicon, Phased arrays, Microopto electromechanical systems

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 1 October 2001 Paper

Single-layer silicon-on-insulator MEMS gyroscope for wide dynamic range and harsh environment applications

Michael Kranz, Tracy Hudson, Paul Ashley, Paul Ruffin, Sherrie Burgett, Mark Temmen, Jerry Tuck

Proceedings Volume 4559, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.443029

KEYWORDS: Gyroscopes, Sensors, Silicon, Microelectromechanical systems, Missiles, Control systems, Actuators, Etching, Mechanical sensors, Electronics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 16 August 2001 Open Access

Recent progress in MEMS technology development for military applications

Paul Ruffin, Sherrie Burgett

Proceedings Volume 4334, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.436588

KEYWORDS: Microelectromechanical systems, Sensors, Missiles, Microopto electromechanical systems, Defense technologies, Environmental sensing, Weapons, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Gyroscopes

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2001

Study of ultraminiature sensing coils and the performance of a depolarized interferometric fiber optic gyroscope

Paul Ruffin, Janet Baeder, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 40, Issue 04, (April 2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1354630

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Temperature metrology, Phase modulation, Gyroscopes, Birefringence, Interferometry, Polarization, Light sources, Sun

Proceedings Article | 15 December 2000 Paper

Strain sensing in fiber optic coils with buried Bragg gratings

Anup Sharma, L. Phillips, Sherrie Burgett, Paul Ruffin, W. Long

Proceedings Volume 4087, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.406361

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Sensors, Fiber Bragg gratings, Fiber optics sensors, Fiber optics, Optical filters, Fiber optics tests, Coating, Mechanics, Data modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 23 June 2000 Open Access

Review of fiber optics technology for military applications

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 10299, 1029902 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.419796

KEYWORDS: Fiber optics, Defense technologies, Weapons, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Ocean optics, Fiber optics sensors, Environmental sensing, Optical design, Data transmission, Mechanics

Read Abstract +

DOWNLOAD PAPER

Proceedings Article | 21 June 2000 Paper

Progress in the development of gyroscopes for use in tactical weapon systems

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 3990, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388886

KEYWORDS: Gyroscopes, Microelectromechanical systems, Missiles, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Sensors, Weapons, Navigation systems, Silicon, Defense technologies, Electrodes

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 July 1999 Paper

Opportunities and challenges for MEMS technology in Army missile systems applications

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 3673, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354266

KEYWORDS: Microelectromechanical systems, Missiles, Control systems, Sensors, Navigation systems, Environmental sensing, Weapons, Aerodynamics, Reliability, Defense technologies

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 July 1999 Paper

Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) component research and development for army missile applications

Tracy Hudson, Deanna McMillen, Paul Ashley, Paul Ruffin, Janet Baeder

Proceedings Volume 3692, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.352853

KEYWORDS: Missiles, Microelectromechanical systems, Sensors, Gyroscopes, Control systems, Actuators, Aerodynamics, Weapons, Computer programming, Radar

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 21 July 1998 Paper

Distributed strain measurements in precision-wound optical fibers using Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry

Sherrie Burgett, Robert Light, Paul Ruffin, Gary Counts

Proceedings Volume 3330, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.316970

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Optical fibers, Fiber optics, Reflectometry, Light scattering, Continuous wave operation, Scattering, Backscatter, Sensors

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1997

Investigation of the effects of temporal thermal gradients in fiber optic gyroscope sensing coils, part 2

Janet Baeder, Paul Ruffin, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 36, Issue 01, (January 1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.601188

KEYWORDS: Thermal effects, Thermal sensing, Gyroscopes, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Optical sensing, Temperature metrology, Optical fibers, Optical engineering, Interferometry, Phase shifts

Proceedings Article | 12 November 1996 Paper

Progress in miniaturizing fiber optic gyroscope components for tactical weapon systems

Paul Ruffin, Janet Sawyer, Chi Sung, Jeff Bush

Proceedings Volume 2837, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.258196

KEYWORDS: Fiber optic gyroscopes, Birefringence, Sensors, Modulation, Optical components, Fiber optics sensors, Packaging, Scattering, Weapons, Gyroscopes

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 1995

Investigation of the effects of temporal thermal gradients in fiber optic gyroscope sensing coils

Cassie Lofts, Paul Ruffin, Mike Parker, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 10, (October 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.210771

KEYWORDS: Thermal effects, Gyroscopes, Temperature metrology, Thermal sensing, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Solids, Optical sensing, Interferometry, Polarization maintaining fibers, Thermal modeling

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1995

Fiber vibration sensor that uses the speckle contrast ratio

Francis Yu, Jianzhong Zhang, Kun Pan, Dazun Zhao, Paul Ruffin

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 01, (January 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.188329

KEYWORDS: Speckle, Sensors, Fiber optics sensors, Multimode fibers, CCD cameras, Speckle pattern

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1995

Effect of spool diameter on the temperature-dependent extinction ratios of polarization-maintaining fibers

Paul Ruffin, Janet Baeder, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 01, (January 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.188292

KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Optical fibers, Polarization maintaining fibers, Glasses, Phase modulation, Mass attenuation coefficient, Missiles, Physics, Optical engineering, Lead

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 August 1994

Reduction of nonreciprocity noise in wound fiber optic interferometers

Paul Ruffin, Cassie Lofts, Chi Sung, Jerry Page

OE, Vol. 33, Issue 08, (August 1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.173562

KEYWORDS: Fiber optics, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Interferometers, Temperature metrology, Fiber optics tests, Phase shifts, Optical fibers, Signal detection, Aluminum, Tin

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 May 1994 Paper

Investigation of a fiber specklegram sensor for structural fatigue monitoring

Janet Sawyer, Paul Ruffin, Cassie Lofts

Proceedings Volume 2191, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.173949

KEYWORDS: Multimode fibers, Composites, Optical fibers, Sensors, Lead, Speckle pattern, Structured optical fibers, Fiber optics sensors, Missiles, Fiber optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 9 March 1994 Paper

Development of sensing coils for an ultraminiaturized tactical fiber gyroscope

Cassie Lofts, Paul Ruffin, Janet Sawyer, Mike Parker

Proceedings Volume 2070, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.169897

KEYWORDS: Single mode fibers, Birefringence, Fiber optics, Chemical oxygen iodine lasers, Gyroscopes, Signal attenuation, Sensors, Missiles, Temperature metrology, Fiber optics sensors

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 November 1993

Fiber specklegram sensing by means of an adaptive joint transform correlator

Francis Yu, Kun Pan, Chii-Maw Uang, Paul Ruffin

OE, Vol. 32, Issue 11, (November 1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.147713

KEYWORDS: Speckle, Speckle pattern, Temperature metrology, Joint transforms, Optical correlators, Sensing systems, Multimode fibers, Fiber optics sensors, Spatial light modulators, Optical fibers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 July 1993 Paper

Application of Hadamard transform to fiber optic smart-skin sensing

Francis Yu, Shizhuo Yin, Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 1918, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.147986

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Fiber optics sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Signal processing, Signal detection, Fiber optics, Interference (communication), Computer programming, Spatial light modulators, Optical fibers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 12 July 1993 Paper

Detection of stress relaxation in wound fiber packs using a fiber optic interferometric strain sensor

Sherrie Jones, Paul Ruffin, Mike Parker

Proceedings Volume 1918, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.147992

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Optical fibers, Mechanics, Adhesives, Fiber optics, Sensors, Temperature metrology, Interferometry, Coating, Optical sensing

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 March 1993

Temperature effect on the performance of polarization-maintaining fibers

Paul Ruffin, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 32, Issue 03, (March 1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.61036

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Coating, Polarization maintaining fibers, Polarization, Phase modulation, Temperature metrology, Refraction, Sensors, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Magnetism

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 19 February 1993 Paper

Fiber winding approaches for environmentally robust IFOG sensor coils

Paul Ruffin, Ronald Smith

Proceedings Volume 1792, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.141199

KEYWORDS: Fiber optics, Temperature metrology, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Environmental sensing, Phase modulation, Sensors, Process control, Interferometry, Gyroscopes, Fiber couplers

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 February 1992 Paper

Analysis of temperature and stress effects in fiber optic gyroscopes (Proceedings Only)

Paul Ruffin, Cassie Lofts, Jones Hamilton, Chi Sung, Robert Morgan

Proceedings Volume 1585, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.135056

KEYWORDS: Phase shifts, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Temperature metrology, Polarization, Phase modulation, Gyroscopes, Mass attenuation coefficient, Phase measurement, Interferometers, Sensors

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 July 1991 Paper

Sensitivity of polarization-maintaining fibers to temperature variations

Paul Ruffin, Chi Sung

Proceedings Volume 1478, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.45632

KEYWORDS: Optical fibers, Phase modulation, Polarization, Thin film coatings, Temperature metrology, Sensors, Navigation systems, Glasses, UV optics, Thermal effects

Read Abstract +

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 May 1991

Winding tension and temperature dependence of signal losses in a wound fiber

Paul Ruffin, Gan Mo, Chi Sung

OE, Vol. 30, Issue 05, (May 1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.55841

KEYWORDS: Signal attenuation, Temperature metrology, Optical fibers, Distortion, Optical testing, Coating, Refraction, Data modeling, Fiber coatings, Interfaces

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 1 October 1990 Paper

Stress and temperature effects on the performance of polarization-maintaining fibers

Paul Ruffin

Proceedings Volume 1317, (1990) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.22068

KEYWORDS: Phase modulation, Birefringence, Polarization, Polarization maintaining fibers, Fiber optic gyroscopes, Sensors, Fiber optics sensors, Temperature metrology, Polarimetry, Radar

Read Abstract +

Showing 5 of 84 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (40)

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XIX

3 August 2025 | San Diego, California, United States

Optics Education and Outreach VIII

21 August 2024 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XVIII

18 August 2024 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XVII

20 August 2023 | San Diego, California, United States

Optics Education and Outreach VII

22 August 2022 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XVI

21 August 2022 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XV

2 August 2021 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XIV

24 August 2020 | Online Only, California, United States

Optics Education and Outreach VI

24 August 2020 | Online Only, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XIII

11 August 2019 | San Diego, California, United States

Optics Education and Outreach V

22 August 2018 | San Diego, California, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XII

19 August 2018 | San Diego, California, United States

Nano-, Bio-, Info-Tech Sensors and 3D Systems

5 March 2018 | Denver, Colorado, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications XI

6 August 2017 | San Diego, California, United States

Nano-, Bio-, Info-Tech Sensors and 3D Systems

26 March 2017 | Portland, Oregon, United States

Photonic Fiber and Crystal Devices: Advances in Materials and Innovations in Device Applications X

28 August 2016 | San Diego, California, United States