Prof. Robert J. Frouin Profile

Prof. Robert J. Frouin

at Scripps Institution of Oceanography

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Chair | Symposium Committee | Author | Editor

Publications (62)

Proceedings Article | 20 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Aquatic ecosystems science using an imaging spectrometer

Ronald Lockwood, Charles Bachmann, Michael Chrisp, Corrie Smeaton, Nima Pahlaven, Eric Hochberg, Marcos Montes, Bo-Cai Gao, Robert Frouin, Anthony Vodacek, Cedric Fichot, Tom Bell, Roy Armstrong, Chunyan Li, Laura Kennedy, Steven Gillmer, Linda Fuhrman, Derrick Brouhard, Jade Wang, Kurtis Thome

Proceedings Volume 12688, 126880D (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676124

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Ecosystems, Spectroscopy, Imaging systems, Carbon, Water, Hyperspectral imaging, Reflectivity, Short wave infrared radiation, Ocean optics

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Proceedings Article | 15 November 2018 Paper

Paper

Specifying algorithm uncertainties in satellite-derived PAR products

Robert Frouin, Didier Ramon, Dominique Jolivet, Mathieu Compiègne

Proceedings Volume 10778, 107780W (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501681

KEYWORDS: Clouds, Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, Mathematical modeling, In situ metrology, Atmospheric particles, Aerosols, Climatology, Reflectivity, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 30 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Rain-derived particles and CDOM distribution along the east coast of New Caledonia

Cécile Dupouy, Guillaume Wattelez, Jérôme Lefèvre, Farid Juillot, Rémi Andréoli, Didier Lille, Hiroshi Murakami, Rüdiger Röttgers, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 10778, 107780K (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501807

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Meteorology, Particles, Satellites, Water, Backscatter, Mining, Absorption, Biological research, Data archive systems

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Estimating GOCI daily PAR and validation

Deuk Jae Hwang, Jong-Kuk Choi, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 10778, 1077805 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500061

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Satellites, Photosynthesis, Earth observing sensors, Imaging systems, Satellite imaging

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Geostatistical approach for meteo-oceanographic variables evaluation at the Brazilian coast

Diogo Amore, Milton Kampel, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 10778, 107780V (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2500574

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Statistical analysis, MODIS, Statistical modeling, Stochastic processes, Satellite imaging, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Estimating photosynthetically available radiation at the ocean surface from EPIC/DSCOVR data

Robert Frouin, Jing Tan, Didier Ramon, Bryan Franz, Hiroshi Murakami

Proceedings Volume 10778, 1077806 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501675

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sun, Atmospheric modeling, MODIS, Reflectivity, Clouds, Aerosols, Ozone, Spatial resolution, Transmittance

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Adequacy of semi-analytical water reflectance models in ocean-color remote sensing

Jing Tan, Robert Frouin, Didier Ramon, François Steinmetz

Proceedings Volume 10778, 107780A (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501677

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Remote sensing, MODIS, Water, Ocean optics, Atmospheric corrections

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Algorithms to retrieve ocean color from space, deterministic or statistical, often use a simplified water reflectance model, specified by a few parameters (e.g., chlorophyll concentration, backscattering and absorption coefficients at a given wavelength). The model, however, may not be representative of the worldwide ocean conditions, since many variables affecting reflectance are fixed at some average values. In this context, the semi-analytical model of Park and Ruddick (2005), PR05, used in the spectral matching POLYMER algorithm (Steinmetz et al., 2011), is examined in terms of its ability to represent properly water reflectance. The PR05 model depends on chlorophyll-a concentration, a parameter specifying the contribution of algal and non-algal particles to the backscattering coefficient, and a parameter allowing different absorption coefficients for dissolved organic matter. Model estimates at MODIS wavelengths, obtained for a representative set of Case 1 and Case 2 waters, are compared with Hydrolight calculations that include fluorescence and Raman scattering and AERONET-OC measurements. The accuracy of retrieving inherent optical properties (IOPs) using the reconstructed reflectance is also evaluated. The model parameters that give the best fit with the simulated data are determined. Agreement is generally good between the two- or three-parameter model results and Hydrolight/AERONETOC values, even in optically complex waters, with discrepancies much smaller than typical atmospheric correction errors. Significant differences exist in some cases, but having a more intricate model (i.e., using more parameters) might not guarantee convergence of the inversion scheme. The trade-off is between efficiency/robustness and accuracy. Significant errors are observed when using the model estimates to retrieve IOPs. Importantly, the model parameters that best fit the input data, in particular chlorophyll-a concentration, may not represent adequately actual values. The reconstructed water reflectance, not the retrieved model parameters, should be used in bio-optical algorithms.

Proceedings Article | 17 May 2016 Paper

Paper

Estimating photosynthetically available radiation at the ocean surface for primary production (3P Project): modeling, evaluation, and application to global MERIS imagery

Didier Ramon, Dominique Jolivet, Jing Tan, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 9878, 98780D (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2229892

KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, Monte Carlo methods, Atmospheric modeling, Satellites, Clouds, Aerosols, Sun, Climatology, Sensors, Atmospheric particles

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2016 Paper

Paper

Contribution of ultraviolet and shortwave infrared observations to atmospheric correction of PACE ocean-color imagery

Robert Frouin, Lydwine Gross-Colzy

Proceedings Volume 9878, 98780C (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2229891

KEYWORDS: Near infrared, Reflectivity, Aerosols, Water, Oceanography, Short wave infrared radiation, Ocean optics, Ultraviolet radiation, Scattering, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

Paper

Influence of CDOM and particle composition on ocean color of the Eastern New Caledonia Lagoon during the CALIOPE cruises

Cécile Dupouy, Rüdiger Röttgers, Marc Tedetti, Chloe Martias, Hiroshi Murakami, David Doxaran, Francois Lantoine, Martine Rodier, Luciane Favareto, Milton Kampel, Madeleine Goutx, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92610M (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2073309

KEYWORDS: Particles, Absorption, Backscatter, Reflectivity, Luminescence, Water, Minerals, Radiometry, Remote sensing, Mining

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

Paper

A statistical algorithm for estimating chlorophyll concentration from MODIS data

Guillaume Wattelez, Cécile Dupouy, Morgan Mangeas, Jérôme Lèfevre, T. Touraivane, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92611S (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2086297

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Statistical modeling, MODIS, Databases, Reflectivity, Satellites, Statistical analysis, Sensors, Error analysis, Algorithm development

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

Paper

Automatic detection of marine surfactants by MODIS sunglint imagery: a study case of biogenic films off the southeastern coast of Brazil

Milton Kampel, Lucas Freitas, Robert Frouin, João Lorenzzetti

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92611C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2073949

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Ocean optics, Synthetic aperture radar, Sensors, Surface roughness, Sun, Image processing, Remote sensing, Minerals, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 10 December 2014 Paper

Paper

Phytoplankton global mapping from space with a support vector machine algorithm

Florian de Boissieu, Christophe Menkes, Cécile Dupouy, Martin Rodier, Sophie Bonnet, Morgan Mangeas, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 9261, 92611R (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083730

KEYWORDS: Pulmonary function tests, Stanford Linear Collider, Remote sensing, Detection and tracking algorithms, Feature selection, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Satellites, Ecosystems, In situ remote sensing

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In recent years great progress has been made in global mapping of phytoplankton from space. Two main trends have emerged, the recognition of phytoplankton functional types (PFT) based on reflectance normalized to chlorophyll-a concentration, and the recognition of phytoplankton size class (PSC) based on the relationship between cell size and chlorophyll-a concentration. However, PFTs and PSCs are not decorrelated, and one approach can complement the other in a recognition task. In this paper, we explore the recognition of several dominant PFTs by combining reflectance anomalies, chlorophyll-a concentration and other environmental parameters, such as sea surface temperature and wind speed. Remote sensing pixels are labeled thanks to coincident in-situ pigment data from GeP&CO, NOMAD and MAREDAT datasets, covering various oceanographic environments. The recognition is made with a supervised Support Vector Machine classifier trained on the labeled pixels. This algorithm enables a non-linear separation of the classes in the input space and is especially adapted for small training datasets as available here. Moreover, it provides a class probability estimate, allowing one to enhance the robustness of the classification results through the choice of a minimum probability threshold. A greedy feature selection associated to a 10-fold cross-validation procedure is applied to select the most discriminative input features and evaluate the classification performance. The best classifiers are finally applied on daily remote sensing datasets (SeaWIFS, MODISA) and the resulting dominant PFT maps are compared with other studies. Several conclusions are drawn: (1) the feature selection highlights the weight of temperature, chlorophyll-a and wind speed variables in phytoplankton recognition; (2) the classifiers show good results and dominant PFT maps in agreement with phytoplankton distribution knowledge; (3) classification on MODISA data seems to perform better than on SeaWIFS data, (4) the probability threshold screens correctly the areas of smallest confidence such as the interclass regions.

Proceedings Article | 21 November 2014 Paper

Paper

Estimating the marine signal in the near infrared for atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery over turbid waters

Alice Bourdet, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 9261, 926117 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2074009

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Water, Near infrared, Atmospheric modeling, Aerosols, Ocean optics, MODIS, Atmospheric corrections, Coastal modeling, Short wave infrared radiation

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The classic atmospheric correction algorithm, routinely applied to second-generation ocean-color sensors such as SeaWiFS, MODIS, and MERIS, consists of (i) estimating the aerosol reflectance in the red and near infrared (NIR) where the ocean is considered black (i.e., totally absorbing), and (ii) extrapolating the estimated aerosol reflectance to shorter wavelengths. The marine reflectance is then retrieved by subtraction. Variants and improvements have been made over the years to deal with non-null reflectance in the red and near infrared, a general situation in estuaries and the coastal zone, but the solutions proposed so far still suffer some limitations, due to uncertainties in marine reflectance modeling in the near infrared or difficulty to extrapolate the aerosol signal to the blue when using observations in the shortwave infrared (SWIR), a spectral range far from the ocean-color wavelengths. To estimate the marine signal (i.e., the product of marine reflectance and atmospheric transmittance) in the near infrared, the proposed approach is to decompose the aerosol reflectance in the near infrared to shortwave infrared into principal components. Since aerosol scattering is smooth spectrally, a few components are generally sufficient to represent the perturbing signal, i.e., the aerosol reflectance in the near infrared can be determined from measurements in the shortwave infrared where the ocean is black. This gives access to the marine signal in the near infrared, which can then be used in the classic atmospheric correction algorithm. The methodology is evaluated theoretically from simulations of the top-of-atmosphere reflectance for a wide range of geophysical conditions and angular geometries and applied to actual MODIS imagery acquired over the Gulf of Mexico. The number of discarded pixels is reduced by over 80% using the PC modeling to determine the marine signal in the near infrared prior to applying the classic atmospheric correction algorithm.

Proceedings Article | 21 November 2014 Paper

Paper

Estimating solar radiation absorbed by live phytoplankton from satellite ocean-color data

Robert Frouin, Natalia Ruddorff, Milton Kampel

Proceedings Volume 9261, 926106 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2074004

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Oceanography, Data modeling, Absorption, Coastal modeling, Ocean optics, Satellites, MODIS, Water, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2014 Paper

Paper

Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery in the presence of semi-transparent clouds

Robert Frouin, Lucile Duforêt, François Steinmetz

Proceedings Volume 9261, 926108 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2074008

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Clouds, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric particles, Ocean optics, Scattering, Sun, Molecules, Transmittance

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Proceedings Article | 2 October 2014 Paper

Paper

Operational in-flight calibration of NPP VIIRS in the visible using Rayleigh scattering

Robert Frouin, Alain Sei, Bruce Hauss, Patty Pratt

Proceedings Volume 9218, 921806 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2069433

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Calibration, Ocean optics, Atmospheric modeling, Rayleigh scattering, Oceanography, Sensors, Water, Sun

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The Rayleigh scattering approach to absolute radiometric calibration of satellite optical sensors is investigated for SNPP VIIRS. The vicarious calibration coefficients are obtained by comparing measured and predicted top-ofatmosphere (TOA) reflectance sampled under “favorable” scene conditions, i.e., oceanic areas with stable water optical properties, where situations of clear sky, low wind speed, and low aerosol content are frequent. In such situations, and under suitable geometry, the dominant contribution to the satellite signal in the visible is due to molecular (Rayleigh) scattering, which can be computed accurately. A sensitivity study performed for suitable calibration sites indicates that, using thresholds of 7 m/s for wind speed, 0.1 for aerosol optical thickness, 0.0005 for Sun glint reflectance, and 60° for Sun and view zenith angles, the error on the TOA reflectance is 2.3% at 410.5 nm (M1), increasing to 4.5% at 671.4 nm (M5). The error budget is dominated by the effect of uncertainty on aerosol optical thickness at the longer wavelengths and on marine reflectance at the shorter wavelengths. Two methods are developed to compute the VIIRS reflectance. The first method (Method 1) consists in using for the region of interest environmental conditions obtained from ancillary data or climatology. The second method (Method 2) addresses the uncertainty in aerosol model and optical thickness by accounting for the aerosol content of the scene. Application of Method 1 to VIIRS data yields calibration coefficients that are site and air mass dependent, which is not satisfactory. This results from using climatology data to specify aerosol parameters. Method 2, which utilizes the measured VIIRS reflectance in the near infrared to estimate the aerosol reflectance, reduces substantially the site and angular geometry dependence of the calibration coefficients. Accuracy can be improved by better specifying the marine reflectance, estimating the aerosol model, and further stratifying the calibration data. The large number of realizations allows for absolute calibration of individual detectors, studies of angular dependence, linearity, and polarization sensitivity, which is not possible using vicarious techniques based on (too few) in situ measurements.

Proceedings Article | 11 December 2012 Paper

Paper

Improved ocean-color remote sensing in the Arctic using the POLYMER algorithm

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Didier Ramon, François Steinmetz

Proceedings Volume 8525, 85250I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.981224

KEYWORDS: Polymers, Reflectivity, Clouds, Magnetoencephalography, Atmospheric modeling, Oceanography, Aerosols, Scattering, Image processing, Water

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Atmospheric correction of ocean-color imagery in the Arctic brings some specific challenges that the standard atmospheric correction algorithm does not address, namely low solar elevation, high cloud frequency, multi-layered polar clouds, presence of ice in the field-of-view, and adjacency effects from highly reflecting surfaces covered by snow and ice and from clouds. The challenges may be addressed using a flexible atmospheric correction algorithm, referred to as POLYMER (Steinmetz and al., 2011). This algorithm does not use a specific aerosol model, but fits the atmospheric reflectance by a polynomial with a non spectral term that accounts for any non spectral scattering (clouds, coarse aerosol mode) or reflection (glitter, whitecaps, small ice surfaces within the instrument field of view), a spectral term with a law in wavelength to the power -1 (fine aerosol mode), and a spectral term with a law in wavelength to the power -4 (molecular scattering, adjacency effects from clouds and white surfaces). Tests are performed on selected MERIS imagery acquired over Arctic Seas. The derived ocean properties, i.e., marine reflectance and chlorophyll concentration, are compared with those obtained with the standard MEGS algorithm. The POLYMER estimates are more realistic in regions affected by the ice environment, e.g., chlorophyll concentration is higher near the ice edge, and spatial coverage is substantially increased. Good retrievals are obtained in the presence of thin clouds, with ocean-color features exhibiting spatial continuity from clear to cloudy regions. The POLYMER estimates of marine reflectance agree better with in situ measurements than the MEGS estimates. Biases are 0.001 or less in magnitude, except at 412 and 443 nm, where they reach 0.005 and 0.002, respectively, and root-mean-squared difference decreases from 0.006 at 412 nm to less than 0.001 at 620 and 665 nm. A first application to MODIS imagery is presented, revealing that the POLYMER algorithm is robust when pixels are contaminated by sea ice.

Proceedings Article | 11 December 2012 Paper

Paper

Ocean color variability in the southern Atlantic and southeastern Pacific

Natalia Rudorff, Robert Frouin, Milton Kampel

Proceedings Volume 8525, 85250N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.981776

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Particles, Biological research, Remote sensing, Backscatter, Reflectivity, Bacteria, Water, Code division multiplexing, Oceanography

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Proceedings Article | 11 December 2012 Paper

Paper

A time series of photosynthetically available radiation at the ocean surface from SeaWiFS and MODIS data

Robert Frouin, John McPherson, Kyozo Ueyoshi, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 8525, 852519 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.981264

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Clouds, Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, In situ metrology, Niobium, Ultraviolet radiation, MODIS, Transmittance, Solar energy

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Proceedings Article | 11 December 2012 Paper

Paper

Estimation of inherent optical properties using in situ hyperspectral radiometer and MODIS data along the East Coast of New Caledonia

Hiroshi Murakami, Cécile Dupouy, Rüdiger Röttgers, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 8525, 85250F (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.979245

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Reflectivity, Absorption, Satellites, Optical properties, Sensors, Radiometry, Atmospheric corrections, Remote sensing, Water

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Proceedings Article | 9 November 2010 Paper

Paper

Statistical inference in remote sensing of ocean color

Robert Frouin, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 7858, 785803 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.870677

KEYWORDS: Oceanography, Statistical analysis, Water, Inverse problems, Coastal modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Radiative transfer, Reflectivity, Ocean optics, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 9 November 2010 Paper

Paper

Evaluation of SIMBADA measurements of marine reflectance and aerosol optical thickness during ACE-Asia and AOPEX

Robert Frouin, Hubert Loisel, Antoine Poteau

Proceedings Volume 7858, 78581K (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.878769

KEYWORDS: Ocean optics, Reflectivity, Aerosols, Radiometry, Radio optics, Calibration, Sensors, Water, Sun, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 9 November 2010 Paper

Paper

A statistical model of marine reflectance

Robert Frouin, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 7858, 78580E (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.870683

KEYWORDS: Oceanography, Data modeling, Coastal modeling, Ocean optics, Statistical analysis, Error analysis, Reflectivity, Stochastic processes, Neptunium, Statistical modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 August 2009 Paper

Paper

Ocean color response to an episode of heavy rainfall in the lagoon of New Caledonia

Cécile Dupouy, Robert Frouin, Rüdiger Röttgers, Jacques Neveux, Francis Gallois, Jean-Yves Panché, Philippe Gerard, Clément Fontana, Christel Pinazo, Sylvain Ouillon, Audrey Minghelli-Roman

Proceedings Volume 7459, 74590G (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829251

KEYWORDS: Backscatter, Magnesium, Reflectivity, Scanning probe microscopy, Absorption, Algorithm development, Particles, Remote sensing, Ocean optics, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 August 2009 Paper

Paper

Environmental effects in ocean color remote sensing

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, François Steinmetz

Proceedings Volume 7459, 745906 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829871

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Scattering, Aerosols, Atmospheric corrections, Clouds, Atmospheric modeling, Ocean optics, Remote sensing, Atmospheric particles, Water

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Proceedings Article | 19 August 2009 Paper

Paper

Noise and model uncertainties in ocean color remote sensing

Robert Frouin, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 7459, 745905 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829794

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Atmospheric modeling, Oceanography, Inverse problems, Coastal modeling, Aerosols, Statistical analysis, Tantalum, Remote sensing, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 19 December 2008 Paper

Paper

Remote sensing of solar-stimulated phytoplankton chlorophyll fluorescence by differential absorption in the oxygen B-band

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Philippe Dubuisson

Proceedings Volume 7150, 715005 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.806386

KEYWORDS: Luminescence, Absorption, Oxygen, Aerosols, Reflectivity, Transmittance, Remote sensing, Ocean optics, Atmospheric particles, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 19 December 2008 Paper

Paper

Retrieval of the aerosol vertical distribution from atmospheric radiance

Bruno Pelletier, Robert Frouin, Philippe Dubuisson

Proceedings Volume 7150, 71501R (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.806527

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric particles, Oxygen, Scattering, LIDAR, Satellites, Inverse problems, Absorption, Clouds, Radiometry

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Proceedings Article | 19 December 2008 Paper

Paper

Correction of sea surface reflection in the coastal area

Hiroshi Murakami, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 7150, 715004 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.805396

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Reflectivity, Short wave infrared radiation, Atmospheric modeling, Near infrared, Reflection, Atmospheric corrections, MODIS, Error analysis, RGB color model

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2007 Paper

Paper

A general ocean color atmospheric correction scheme based on principal components analysis: Part I. Performance on Case 1 and Case 2 waters

Lydwine Gross-Colzy, Stéphane Colzy, Robert Frouin, Patrice Henry

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668002 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738508

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Reflectivity, Water, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Principal component analysis, MODIS, Ocean optics

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Influence of solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton on the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Robert Frouin, Kyozo Ueyoshi, Milton Kampel

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668015 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738969

KEYWORDS: Solar radiation models, Solar radiation, Climatology, Signal attenuation, Satellites, Biology, Convection, Absorption, Solar energy, Temperature metrology

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Numerical experiments conducted with an ocean general ocean circulation model reveal the potential influence of solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton on the thermal structure and currents of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. In the model, solar radiation penetration is parameterized explicitly as a function of chlorophyll-a concentration, the major variable affecting water turbidity in the open ocean. Two types of runs are performed, a clear water (control) run with a constant minimum chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.02 mgm^-3, and a turbid water (chlorophyll) run with space- and time-varying chlorophyll-a concentration from satellite data. The difference between results from the two runs yields the biological effects. In the chlorophyll run, nutrients and biology production are implicitly taken into account, even though biogeochemical processes are not explicitly included, since phytoplankton distribution, prescribed from observations, is the result of those processes. Due to phytoplankton-radiation forcing, the surface temperature is higher by 1-2 K on average annually in the region of the North Equatorial current, the Northern part of the South Equatorial current, and the Caribbean system, and by 3-4 K in the region of the Guinea current. In this region, upwelling is reduced, and heat trapped in the surface layers by phytoplankton is not easily removed. The surface temperature is lower by 1 K in the Northern region of the Benguela current, due to increased upwelling. At depth, the equatorial Atlantic is generally cooler, as well as the eastern part of the tropical basin (excluding the region of the sub-tropical gyres). The North and South equatorial currents, as well as the Equatorial undercurrent, are enhanced by as much as 3-4 cms^-1, and the circulation of the subtropical gyres is increased. Pole-ward heat transport is slightly reduced North of 35°N, suggesting that phytoplankton, by increasing the horizontal return flow in the subtropical region, may exert a cooling influence on higher latitude regions. The findings indicate that biology-induced buoyancy plays a significant role, in an indirect if not direct way, in the variability of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean, with consequences on atmospheric circulation and climate.

Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Maximum entropy regularization strategies for inferring aerosol vertical distribution from light scattering measurements

Bruno Pelletier, Robert Frouin, Philippe Dubuisson

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668005 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738168

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric particles, Scattering, Multiple scattering, Atmospheric modeling, Oxygen, LIDAR, Satellites, Inverse problems, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Constrained linear inversion of satellite ocean-color data

Robert Frouin, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668004 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738690

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Ocean optics, Satellites, Water, Oceanography, Atmospheric particles, Near infrared, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Analysis of SeaWiFS imagery over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during the March 2002 R/V IOFFE cruise

Frederico Rudorff, Robert Frouin, Milton Kampel, Oleg Kopelevich, Vivian Lutz

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668016 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.739472

KEYWORDS: Remote sensing, Absorption, Magnesium, Water, Ocean optics, Optical properties, Lanthanum, Reflectivity, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

Bio-optical variability in coastal waters of southeast Brazil

Milton Kampel, Salvador Gaeta, Joao Lorenzzetti, Mayza Pompeu, Frederico Rudorff, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 6680, 66800O (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.737786

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Remote sensing, Water, MODIS, Satellites, Optical properties, Statistical analysis, Reflectivity, Magnesium, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 5 October 2007 Paper

Paper

A general ocean color atmospheric correction scheme based on principal components analysis: Part II. Level 4 merging capabilities

Lydwine Gross-Colzy, Stéphane Colzy, Robert Frouin, Patrice Henry

Proceedings Volume 6680, 668003 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738514

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Water, MODIS, Sensors, Clouds, Ocean optics, Atmospheric corrections, Principal component analysis

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Proceedings Article | 4 December 2006 Paper

Paper

MAUVE/SWIPE: an imaging instrument concept with multi-angular, -spectral, and -polarized capability for remote sensing of aerosols, ocean color, clouds, and vegetation from space

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Richard Rothschild, Edward Stephan, Philippe Leblanc, Fred Duttweiler, Tony Ghaemi, Jérôme Riedi

Proceedings Volume 6406, 64060E (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.698061

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Reflectivity, Absorption, Satellites, Scattering, Ultraviolet radiation, Polarization, Clouds, Detector arrays, Optical filters

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The Monitoring Aerosols in the Ultraviolet Experiment (MAUVE) and the Short-Wave Infrared Polarimeter Experiment (SWIPE) instruments have been designed to collect, from a typical sun-synchronous polar orbit at 800 km altitude, global observations of the spectral, polarized, and directional radiance reflected by the earth-atmosphere system for a wide range of applications. Based on the heritage of the POLDER radiometer, the MAUVE/SWIPE instrument concept combines the merits of TOMS for observing in the ultra-violet, MISR for wide field-of-view range, MODIS, for multi-spectral aspects in the visible and near infrared, and the POLDER instrument for polarization. The instruments are camera systems with 2-dimensional detector arrays, allowing a 120-degree field-of-view with adequate ground resolution (i.e., 0.4 or 0.8 km at nadir) from satellite altitude. Multi-angle viewing is achieved by the along-track migration at spacecraft velocity of the 2-dimensional field-of-view. Between the cameras' optical assembly and detector array are two filter wheels, one carrying spectral filters, the other polarizing filters, allowing measurements of the first three Stokes parameters, I. Q, and V, of the incident radiation in 16 spectral bands optimally placed in the interval 350-2200 nm. The spectral range is 350-1050 nm for the MAUVE instrument and 1050-2200 nm for the SWIPE instrument. The radiometric requirements are defined to fully exploit the multi-angular, multi-spectral, and multi-polarized capability of the instruments. These include a wide dynamic range, a signal-to-noise ratio above 500 in all channels at maximum radiance level, i.e., when viewing a surface target of albedo equal to 1, and a noise-equivalent-differential reflectance better than 0.0005 at low signal level for a sun at zenith. To achieve daily global coverage, a pair of MAUVE and SWIPE instruments would be carried by each of two mini-satellites placed on interlaced orbits. The equator crossing time of the two satellites would be adjusted to allow simultaneous observations of the overlapping zone viewed from the two parallel orbits of the twin satellites. Using twin satellites instead of a single satellite would allow measurements in a more complete range of scattering angles. A MAUVE/SWIPE satellite mission would improve significantly the accuracy of ocean color observations from space, and will extend the retrieval of ocean optical properties to the ultra-violet, where they become very sensitive to detritus material and dissolved organic matter. It would also provide a complete description of the scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles, as well as their size distribution and vertical distribution. Over land, the retrieved bidirectional reflectance function would allow a better classification of terrestrial vegetation and discrimination of surface types. The twin satellite concept, by providing stereoscopic capability, would offer the possibility to analyze the three-dimensional structure and radiative properties of cloud fields.

Proceedings Article | 4 December 2006 Paper

Paper

Progressive atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery

Robert Frouin, Lydwine Gross, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 6406, 64061S (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.698045

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Ocean optics, Reflectivity, Water, Atmospheric modeling, Satellites, Oceanography, Near infrared, Atmospheric corrections, Satellite imaging

Read Abstract +

A methodology is proposed to correct satellite ocean-color imagery for the perturbing effects of the atmosphere and surface progressively, starting from the near infrared and advancing to the visible. First, a set of spectral bands is selected in the near infrared, for which the water body can be considered black, except in one of the spectral bands. The top-of-atmosphere reflectance in the selected bands, after correction for molecular scattering and sun glint contributions, is linearly combined to retrieve the ocean signal in the spectral band where the water body is not black. The coefficients of the linear combination minimize the perturbing effects, which are due to scattering and absorption by aerosols, and reflection by the surface. These effects are decomposed into principal components in the modeling. Second, other sets of spectral bands are selected, that progressively include shorter wavelengths. At each step, only the marine signal in one spectral band is unknown and therefore estimated. The methodology is developed for the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), but is generally applicable to ocean-color sensors that measure in the visible and near infrared. Without measurements above one micrometer, however, the atmospheric correction is only accurate over Case-1 waters. Theoretical performance is evaluated from radiation-transfer simulations for a wide range of geophysical and angular conditions, including absorbing aerosols. Only Case-1 waters are considered in the simulations. The perturbing influence of the atmosphere and surface is minimized adequately for each set of wavelengths, except when the aerosol loading is large. The residual effects in the linear combination exhibit a bias of magnitude increasing with aerosol optical thickness. The bias can be reduced globally, by taking into account all the eigenvectors of the decomposition in principal components, not only the most significant ones. Errors in the estimated marine signal increase with decreasing wavelength (the residual effects at longer wavelengths propagate) and with increasing aerosol optical thickness. They become unacceptable when the aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm is above 0.3. Performance can be improved by optimizing the sets of selected wavelengths, or by using aerosol optical thickness estimated from the satellite data.

Proceedings Article | 28 November 2006 Paper

Paper

Estimation of aerosol altitude from reflectance ratio measurements in the O2 A-band

P. Dubuisson, R. Frouin, L. Duforêt, D. Dessailly, K. Voss, D. Antoine

Proceedings Volume 6406, 640604 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.697968

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Reflectivity, Oxygen, Absorption, Atmospheric modeling, LIDAR, Ocean optics, Scattering, Atmospheric particles, Backscatter

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 November 2006 Paper

Paper

A stochastic technique for remote sensing of ocean color

Robert Frouin, Bruno Pelletier

Proceedings Volume 6406, 640602 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.697869

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Data modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Coastal modeling, Oceanography, Remote sensing, Inverse problems, Aerosols, Stochastic processes, Radiative transfer

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 13 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Validation of ADEOS-II/GLI ocean-color atmospheric correction based on ship-board hand-held spectroradiometer measurements

Hajime Fukushima, Mitsuhiro Toratani, Hiroshi Murakami, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Robert Frouin, Akihiko Tanaka

Proceedings Volume 5885, 588505 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621044

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, Aerosols, Error analysis, Sun, Reflectivity, Satellites, Ocean optics, Near infrared, Calibration, Atmospheric modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Importance of aerosol vertical structure in satellite ocean-colour remote sensing

L. Duforet, P. Dubuisson, R. Frouin

Proceedings Volume 5885, 588503 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620033

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Reflectivity, Atmospheric modeling, Absorption, Atmospheric corrections, Oxygen, Atmospheric particles, Ocean optics, Scattering, Sun

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Sensitivity of equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton

Kyozo Ueyoshi, Robert Frouin, Shoichiro Nakamoto, Bulusu Subrahmanyam

Proceedings Volume 5885, 58850R (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621424

KEYWORDS: Solar radiation models, Solar radiation, Signal attenuation, Electroluminescence, Satellites, Biology, Climatology, Ions, Sensors, Transmittance

Read Abstract +

Sensitivity experiments conducted with the MIT ocean general circulation model reveal the potential influence of solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton on the thermal structure and currents of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In the model, vertical attenuation of solar radiation is parameterized as a function of chlorophyll pigment concentration, the major variable affecting turbidity in the euphotic zone. To isolate turbidity effects, the model is run from 1948 to 2001 with either a constant minimum pigment concentration of 0.02 mgm^-3 during the entire period or spatially and temporally varying pigment concentration from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor during 1997-2001. The two model runs are compared for 2001, a relatively normal year following the strong 1997-1998 El Nino and subsequent La Nina. Due to phytoplankton-radiation forcing, equatorial sea surface temperature is decreased by 0.3K on average annually between 100W and 160W, but the negative temperature change is more pronounced in sub-surface layers, reaching -1.5K at 110W. In that region, heat trapping by phytoplankton causes the mixed layer to shallow and isotherms to shoal toward the equator, generating geostrophic currents that enhance the south equatorial current. These surface currents diverge north and south of the equator as they progress westward, creating equatorial divergence, convergence at the level of the equatorial undercurrent, and upwelling, explaining the change in thermal structure. The equatorial undercurrent is strengthened by as much as 4 cms^-1 at its core. The findings support previous results obtained with the MHI Ocean isoPYCnal general circulation model and pigment concentration from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner. They indicate that biology-induced buoyancy my play a significant role in the equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation and suggest the existence of a biophysical feedback mechanism that contributes to maintaining the cold tongue in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, with implications for inter-annual variability associated with El Nino.

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Ocean-color remote sensing through clouds

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Jean-Marc Nicolas, Philippe Dubuisson

Proceedings Volume 5885, 588504 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.621055

KEYWORDS: Clouds, Reflectivity, Aerosols, Scattering, Molecules, Molecular interactions, Oceanography, Algorithm development, Satellites, Water

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 10 September 2005 Paper

Paper

The ANTARES observation network

Ana Dogliotti, Osvaldo Ulloa, Frank Muller-Karger, Chuanmin Hu, Brock Murch, Charles Taylor, Gabriel Yuras, Milton Kampel, Vivian Lutz, Salvador Gaeta, Domingo Gagliardini, Carlos Garcia, Eduardo Klein, Walter Helbling, Ramon Varela, Elena Barbieri, Ruben Negri, Robert Frouin, Shubha Sathyendranath, Trevor Platt

Proceedings Volume 5885, 58850N (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.617971

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Remote sensing, MODIS, Ecosystems, In situ remote sensing, Satellite imaging, Oceanography, Interfaces, Ocean optics, Lanthanum

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

Paper

Atmospheric correction of SAC-C MMRS imagery for ocean-color applications

Ana Dogliotti, Domingo Gagliardini, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 5885, 588502 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618058

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Ocean optics, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Scattering, Absorption, Water, Sensors, Calibration

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 January 2005 Paper

Paper

Algorithm to estimate PAR at the ocean surface from GLI data

Robert Frouin, Hiroshi Murakami

Proceedings Volume 5656, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.582524

KEYWORDS: Clouds, Satellites, Climatology, Sensors, Atmospheric modeling, Aerosols, Absorption, Photosynthesis, Ultraviolet radiation, In situ metrology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 January 2005 Paper

Paper

Fields of nonlinear regression models for ocean color remote sensing from space

Bruno Pelletier, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 5656, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.576499

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Oceanography, Ocean optics, Data modeling, Coastal modeling, Atmospheric modeling, Aerosols, Statistical analysis, Remote sensing, Error analysis

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 20 January 2005 Paper

Paper

How valid is the SeaWiFS estimation of chlorophyll-a at the Río de la Plata estuary and its area of influence?

Gustavo Martinez, Ernesto Brugnoli, Juan Hernandez, Robert Frouin, Denise Vizziano

Proceedings Volume 5656, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.582665

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Particles, Flow cytometry, Water, Taxonomy, Radiometry, Reflectivity, Satellites, Ocean optics, Atmospheric corrections

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 2 February 2004 Paper

Paper

Early scientific results of GLI ocean

Joji Ishizaka, Akihiko Tanaka, Hiroaki Sasaki, Hiroshi Murakami, Wen-Zhong Chen, Kohtaro Hosoda, Kosei Sasaoka, Ichio Asanuma, Hiroshi Kawamura, Mituo Toratani, Hajime Fukushima, Robert Frouin, Greg Mitchell

Proceedings Volume 5234, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511083

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging systems, Neural networks, Evolutionary algorithms, Satellites, Image sensors, Radiometry, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 2 February 2004 Paper

Paper

In-orbit calibration of SeaWiFS in the near infrared

Nadege Martiny, Robert Frouin, Richard Santer

Proceedings Volume 5234, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511446

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Aerosols, Near infrared, Atmospheric modeling, Absorption, Oxygen, Scattering, Sensors, Surface roughness, Atmospheric optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 November 2003 Paper

Paper

ADEOS-II/GLI ocean-color atmospheric correction: early phase result

Hajime Fukushima, Mitsuhiro Toratani, Akihiko Tanaka, Wen-Zhong Chen, Hiroshi Murakami, Robert Frouin, B. Mitchell, Mati Kahru

Proceedings Volume 5155, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.509828

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, Atmospheric modeling, Satellites, Reflectivity, Aerosols, Calibration, Algorithm development, Near infrared, Ocean optics, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 November 2003 Paper

Paper

Remote sensing of chlorophyll concentration from space via principal component analysis of atmospheric effects

Lydwine Gross-Colzy, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 5155, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.512191

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Oceanography, Satellites, Ocean optics, Calibration, Principal component analysis, Neural networks, Water

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 November 2003 Paper

Paper

Comparison of laser-based and conventional calibrations of sun photometers

Nordine Souaidia, Christophe Pietras, Giulietta Fargion, Robert Barnes, Robert Frouin, Keith Lykke, B. Carol Johnson, Steven Brown

Proceedings Volume 5155, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.508197

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sun, Photometry, Sensors, Aerosols, Radiometry, Integrating spheres, Standards development, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Influence of absorbing aerosols on SeaWiFS-derived marine reflectance during ACE-Asia

Li-Ping Li, Hajime Fukushima, Robert Frouin, B. Greg Mitchell, Ming-Xia He, Tamio Takamura, Sachio Ohta

Proceedings Volume 4892, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.467264

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Reflectivity, Atmospheric particles, Ocean optics, Radiative transfer, Water, Atmospheric corrections, Absorption, In situ metrology

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Non-supervised classification of aerosol mixtures for ocean color remote sensing

Lydwine Gross-Colzy, Robert Frouin, Christophe Pietras, Giulietta Fargion

Proceedings Volume 4892, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.467305

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Neurons, Atmospheric corrections, Scattering, Atmospheric particles, Statistical modeling, Ocean optics, Refractive index, Atmospheric optics

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 8 May 2003 Paper

Paper

Ocean color remote sensing without explicit aerosol correction

Robert Frouin, Lydwine Gross-Colzy, Pierre-Yves Deschamps

Proceedings Volume 4892, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.467310

KEYWORDS: Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Reflectivity, Sun, Satellites, Error analysis, Scattering, Atmospheric particles, Remote sensing, Atmospheric corrections

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 14 January 2002 Paper

Paper

Phytoplankton and the global radiation budget

Robert Frouin, Sam Iacobellis

Proceedings Volume 4488, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.452821

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Aerosols, Climatology, Clouds, Sun, Reflectivity, Scattering, Lanthanum, Gases, Climate change

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 January 2001 Paper

Paper

GLI atmospheric correction algorithms: performance test with GLI synthetic data set

Wen-Zhong Chen, Hajime Fukushima, Robert Frouin

Proceedings Volume 4154, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.411684

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric corrections, MODIS, Aerosols, Atmospheric modeling, Optical coherence tomography, Neural networks, Reflectivity, Algorithm development, Atmospheric particles, Oceanography

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 5 January 2001 Paper

Paper

AVIRIS measurements of spectral reflectance characteristics of whitecaps

Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps

Proceedings Volume 4154, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.411683

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Aerosols, Remote sensing, Sun, Near infrared, Atmospheric corrections, Oceanography, Visible radiation, Spectral resolution, Absorption

Read Abstract +

Proceedings Article | 15 November 2000 Paper

Paper

Measurements and computations of polarized marine reflectance

Bertrand Fougnie, Robert Frouin, Pierre-Yves Deschamps, Malik Chami, Antoine Poteau, Olivier Hagolle

Proceedings Volume 4133, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.406626

KEYWORDS: Water, Reflectivity, Oceanography, Polarization, Scattering, Radiometry, Molecules, Absorption, Remote sensing, Radiative transfer

Read Abstract +

Showing 5 of 62 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (18)

SPIE Conference Volume | 5 December 2018

Remote Sensing of the Open and Coastal Ocean and Inland Waters

SPIE Conference Volume | 13 December 2016

Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Inland Waters: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

SPIE Conference Volume | 18 December 2014

Ocean Remote Sensing and Monitoring from Space

SPIE Conference Volume | 11 December 2012

Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment II

SPIE Conference Volume | 6 December 2010

Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III

Showing 5 of 18 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (23)

Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing

2 December 2024 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Active and Passive Remote Sensing of Oceans, Seas, and Lakes

2 December 2024 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan

Remote Sensing of the Open and Coastal Ocean and Inland Waters

24 September 2018 | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Inland Waters: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges

4 April 2016 | New Delhi, India

Ocean Remote Sensing and Monitoring from Space

15 October 2014 | Beijing, China

Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment II

31 October 2012 | Kyoto, Japan

Remote Sensing of the Coastal Ocean, Land, and Atmosphere Environment

13 October 2010 | Incheon, Korea, Republic of

Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds III

12 October 2010 | Incheon, Korea, Republic of

SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing

11 October 2010 | Incheon, Korea, Republic of

Ocean Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications

2 August 2009 | San Diego, California, United States

Remote Sensing of Inland, Coastal, and Oceanic Waters

18 November 2008 | Noumea, New Caledonia

SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing

17 November 2008 | Noumea, New Caledonia

Coastal Ocean Remote Sensing

26 August 2007 | San Diego, California, United States

Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment

15 November 2006 | Goa, India

SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing

13 November 2006 | Goa, India

Remote Sensing of the Coastal Oceanic Environment

31 July 2005 | San Diego, California, United States

Active and Passive Remote Sensing of the Oceans

8 November 2004 | Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States

Ocean Remote Sensing and Imaging II

5 August 2003 | San Diego, California, United States

Ocean Remote Sensing and Applications

24 October 2002 | Hangzhou, China

Ocean Color Remote Sensing and Applications

2 August 2001 | San Diego, CA, United States

Airborne and In-Water Underwater Imaging II

1 August 2001 | San Diego, CA, United States

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of the Ocean

9 October 2000 | Sendai, Japan

Ocean Optics XIII

22 October 1996 | Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Showing 5 of 23 Conference Committees

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