Computational defect imaging has been performed in commercial substrates for electronic and photonic devices by
combining the transmission profile acquired with an imaging type of linear polariscope and the computational algorithm
to extract a small amount of birefringence. The computational images of phase retardation δ exhibited spatial
inhomogeneity of defect-induced birefringence in GaP, LiNbO3, and SiC substrates, which were not detected by
conventional 'visual inspection' based on simple optical refraction or transmission because of poor sensitivity. The
typical imaging time was less than 30 seconds for 3-inch diameter substrate with the spatial resolution of 200 μm, while
that by scanning polariscope was 2 hours to get the same spatial resolution. Since our proposed technique have been
achieved high sensitivity, short imaging time, and wide coverage of substrate materials, which are practical advantages
over the laboratory-scale apparatus such as X-ray topography and electron microscope, it is useful for nondestructive
inspection of various commercial substrates in production of electronic and photonic devices.
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