KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Prostate cancer, Principal component analysis, In vivo imaging, Cancer, Image fusion, Image registration, Receivers, Tissues, Data modeling, Tumor growth modeling
Recently, multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mp-MRI) has been used to improve the sensitivity of detecting high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Prior to biopsy, primary and secondary cancer lesions are identified on mp-MRI. The lesions are then targeted using TRUS guidance. In this paper, for the first time, we present a fused mp-MRI-temporal-ultrasound framework for characterization of PCa, in vivo. Cancer classification results obtained using temporal ultrasound are fused with those achieved using consolidated mp-MRI maps determined by multiple observers. We verify the outcome of our study using histopathology following deformable registration of ultrasound and histology images. Fusion of temporal ultrasound and mp-MRI for characterization of the PCa results in an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.86 for cancerous regions with Gleason scores (GSs)≥3+3, and AUC of 0.89 for those with GSs≥3+4.
Temporal ultrasound has been shown to have high classification accuracy in differentiating cancer from benign tissue. In this paper, we extend the temporal ultrasound method to classify lower grade Prostate Cancer (PCa) from all other grades. We use a group of nine patients with mostly lower grade PCa, where cancerous regions are also limited. A critical challenge is to train a classifier with limited aggressive cancerous tissue compared to low grade cancerous tissue. To resolve the problem of imbalanced data, we use Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) to generate synthetic samples for the minority class. We calculate spectral features of temporal ultrasound data and perform feature selection using Random Forests. In leave-one-patient-out cross-validation strategy, an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.74 is achieved with overall sensitivity and specificity of 70%. Using an unsupervised learning approach prior to proposed method improves sensitivity and AUC to 80% and 0.79. This work represents promising results to classify lower and higher grade PCa with limited cancerous training samples, using temporal ultrasound.
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