KEYWORDS: Eye, Sensors, Glasses, Calibration, Canonical correlation analysis, Simulation of CCA and DLA aggregates, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
For daily use of AR technology, the development of smart glasses which look like ordinary eyeglasses has been accelerated, and eye-tracking devices to support their video expression and natural human-machine interfaces have been attracting attention. Over the past few years, we have been developing a non-video-based eye-tracking system, that consists of a VCSEL array and a position-sensitive detector (PSD), and is implemented on small glass devices without preventing device design and their appearance. In wearable eye-tracking devices, calibration is frequently required, when misalignments of the device and the user switching occur. The most common calibration method is having the user gazes at multiple fixed points, but it interrupts user’s activities and causes stress. To eliminate the calibration stress, a novel algorithm has been proposed, that estimates the shape and position of user’s eyes from continuously detected data and corrects the gaze direction while wearing glasses. The fundamental principle of this algorithm is that such eye parameters affect spatial characteristics of detected laser beam spot on the PSD, reflected on the eye surface. The Bayesian estimation is used to updates the probability distribution of unconscious eye movements, and the eye parameters are identified with the help of the canonical correlation analysis. In this paper, the details of the gaze detection algorithm with autonomous calibration mechanism have been described, and a ray-tracing simulation has been performed for a proof of concept. The results show the applicability of our proposed algorithm to provide an eye-tracking module without any user stress of calibration.
Eye tracking is one of the essential technologies for near-eye display systems, providing natural and involuntary humanmachine interfaces for application scenes of AR, VR, and MR. In this paper, novel type of an eye-tracking device is proposed, which consists of VCSEL array and PSD for realizing a triangulation system, and operates non-video based and non-mechanical. The PSD detects spatial position of a laser beam spot emitted from a certain light source and reflected from the surface of the cornea, relating to microscopic eye orientation. While, the spatially-aligned light emitters, i.e., VCSEL array, play an important role to expand detection angle of eye movement because slight change of light-incident angle on the cornea due to the difference of light-emitter positions transforms the corresponding angle into spatial information folded on a light receiving surface of the PSD. Such operations denote detections of coarse and fine movements of the eye, respectively. A notable feature of this device is that faint light from each light emitter identifies the position of laser beam spot with the help of the lock-in detection technique. The operation principle has been evaluated numerically and experimentally, and a prototype eye-tracking module with the size enough small to be mounted on glass frames has been demonstrated. These results have suggested possibility for realizing eye tracker with battery-powered driving, ultimate low processing load and data transfer amount that are our final speculation for this device.
Here we show our architectural approaches to nanophotonics to benefit from unique physical properties obtained by local interactions between nanometric elements, such as quantum dots, via optical near fields, that provide ultra high-density integration capability beyond the diffraction limit of light. We discuss a memory-based architecture and a simple hierarchical architecture. By using resonant energy levels between quantum dots and inter-dot interactions, nanometric data summation and broadcast architectures are demonstrated including their proof-of-principle experimental verifications using CuCl quantum dots. Through such architectural and physical insights, we are seeking nanophotonic information systems for solving the integration density limited by diffraction limit of light and providing ultra low-power operations as well as unique functionalities which are only achievable using optical near-field interactions.
We sometimes want to know some information hidden in highly dense media in which the light suffers a strongly multiple scattering, such as the existence of a tumor in a biological tissue and a state of a material behind a layer of paint. In such situations, optical measurement techniques which have the advantage of a non-contact and non-invasive method have been remarked and studied actively by many scientists.1 In the present paper, we pay attention to speckle-like intensity fluctuations generated by multiply scattered light and to their angular correlation properties, and investigate an effect of objects buried in highly dense media on an angular correlation function of the scattered intensity. The angular correlation function is derived theoretically and numerical simulation results are shown.
Effect of objects buried in highly dense media on the properties of angular intensity correlation of the scattered light is investigated by means of a theoretical approach and numerical simulations. In the case of an object located just behind the scattering medium, a Fourier transform relation between the angular correlation function and the intensity distribution in the illumination plane where the object exists is derived theoretically for transmitted light. When the object is buried in the medium, such a boundary condition is not satisfied, and it was found from the simulation results that the effect of the object on the angular correlations can be observed more strongly for the object being somewhat deep rather than near the output surface. For reflected light, on the other hand, the influence of the object on the angular correlation function becomes small because of a scattering component not reaching the object.
Volume multiple-scattering media induce large intensity fluctuations of 'the light which are similar to the "speckle patterns" due to single scattering from rough surfaces. These fluctuations are explained as a result of the in- terference between optical waves with random phase differences, and they usually obey the Rayleigh statistics. In case of the multiply- scattered light, however, the optical waves propagating through the same paths exist in a medium, and their interference effects mod- ify the properties of intensity fluctuations. Re- cently discovered phenomena, such as "en- hanced backscattering", "optical memory ef- fect" and "long-range intensity correlation" [1- 3], are caused by these interference effects. In a strong scattering regime, interference effects influence strongly the properties of the scat- tered intensity. In this paper, we present a numerical sim- ulation that takes account of interference ef- fects in multiple-scattering media, and evaluate the statistical properties of the scattered light across the output field(sample surface) and in the far-field.
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