Macrophages are members of the leukocyte family. Tissue damage causes inflammation and release of vasoactive and
chemotactic factors, which trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability. Then, leukocytes accumulate
quickly to the infection site. The leukocyte extravasation process takes place according to a sequence of events that
involve tethering, activation by a chemoattractant stimulus, adhesion by integrin binding, and migrating to the infection
site. The leukocyte extravasation process reveals that adhesion is an important part of the immune system. Optical
tweezers have become a useful tool with broad applications in biology and physics. In force measurement, the trapped
bead as a probe usually uses a polystyrene bead of 1 μm diameter to measure adhesive force between the trapped beads
and cell by optical tweezers. In this paper, using the ray-optics model calculated trapping stiffness and defined the linear
displacement ranges. By the theoretical values of stiffness and linear displacement ranges, this study attempted to obtain
a proper trapped particle size in measuring adhesive force. Finally, this work investigates real-time adhesion force
measurements between human macrophages and trapped beads coated with lipopolysaccharides using optical tweezers
with backscattered detection.
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