The ex vivo porcine lung tissue exposure to nicotine-flavour free e-liquid was examined in-depth using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy. It was found that the lung-related Raman bands and autofluorescence intensities were enhanced after exposure to e-liquid for all depths and treatment time (first and second treatments) due to the optical clearing effect of glycerol and propylene glycol as an OC agent. The nicotine-flavour free e-liquids that contain glycerol and propylene glycol could potentially be used in clinical protocols for lung disease discrimination in-depth using Raman-based in vivo bronchoscopy due to light scattering reduction as an optical clearing agent.
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