KEYWORDS: Sensors, Composites, Neurons, Data acquisition, Analog electronics, Wave propagation, Diagnostics, Structural health monitoring, Signal processing, Prototyping
A small size prototype of a Structural Neural System (SNS) was tested in real time for damage detection in a
laboratory setting and the results are presented in this paper. The SNS is a passive online structural health
monitoring (SHM) system that can detect small propagating damages in real time before the overall failure of the
structure is realized. The passive SHM method is based on the concept of detecting acoustic emissions (AE) due to
damage propagating. Propagating cracks were identified near the vicinity of a sensor in a composite specimen
during fatigue testing. In the composite specimen, in additions to a propagating crack, fretting occurred because of
slipping contact between the load points and the composite specimen. The SNS was able to predict the location of
damage due to crack propagation and also detect signals from fretting simultaneously in real time.
Structural Health Monitoring ideally would check the health of the structure in real time all the time. Simplifying the sensor system and the data acquisition equipment plays a very important role in achieving this goal. This paper discusses a practical technique that uses long continuous sensors and biomimetic signal processing to simplify health monitoring. The testing of a structural neural system with an updated analog processor module is discussed in this paper. A neuron is formed by connecting sensor elements to an analog processor. The structural neural system is formed by connecting multiple neurons to mimic the signal processing architecture of the neural system of the human body. This approach reduces the required number of data acquisition channels and still predicts the location of damage within a grid of miniature neurons. Different types of sensors can also be used. A piezoelectric ribbon sensor can sense damage due to impacts or crack growth because these damages generate Lamb waves that are detected by the neural system. The neuron can also receive diagnostic waves generated to check the structure on demand and when it is not in operation. In addition, new continuous multi-wall carbon nanotube sensors are being used as strain and crack detection neurons that operate during both static and dynamic loading. In general, the Structural Neural System may provide an advantage for the continuous monitoring of most large sensor systems in which anomalous events must be detected, and where it is impractical to have a separate channel of data acquisition for each sensor. Moreover, the data reduction technique and damage detection algorithm are easy to understand, simple to implement, reliable, and many sensor types can be used.
Detecting and locating cracks in structural components and joints that have high feature densities is a challenging problem in the field of Structural Health Monitoring. There have been advances in piezoelectric sensors, actuators, wave propagation, MEMS, and optical fiber sensors. However, few sensor-signal processing techniques have been applied to the monitoring of joints and complex structural geometries. This is in part because maintaining and analyzing a large amount of data obtained from a large number of sensors that may be needed to monitor joints for cracks is difficult. Reliable low cost assessment of the health of structures is crucial to maintain operational availability and productivity, reduce maintenance cost, and prevent catastrophic failure of large structures such as wind turbines, aircraft, and civil infrastructure. Recently, there have also been advances in development of simple passive techniques for health monitoring including a technique based on mimicking the biological neural system using electronic logic circuits. This technique aids in reducing the required number of data acquisition channels by a factor of ten or more and is able to predict the location of a crack within a rectangular grid or within an arbitrarily arranged network of continuous sensors or neurons. The current paper shows results obtained by implementing this method on an aluminum plate and joint. The plates were tested using simulated acoustic emissions and also loading via an MTS machine. The testing indicates that the neural system can monitor complex joints and detect acoustic emissions due to propagating cracks. High sensitivity of the neural system is needed, and further sensor development and testing on different types of joints is required. Also indicated is that sensor geometry, sensor location, signal filtering, and logic parameters of the neural system will be specific to the particular type of joint (material, thickness, geometry) being monitored. Also, a novel piezoresistive carbon nanotube nerve crack sensor is presented that can become a neuron and respond to local crack growth.
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